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Captive Management

(The following keywords have been used to categorize
 articles within this section and may assist your search.)

captive, captive breeding, captive management, circus, free contact, protected contact, transport, working elephants, zoo

The following articles pertain to captive elephants.  The list is not all-inclusive as this information is not always conveyed in the title or abstract and some articles may have been missed.  We recommend searching the other topics for the specific information you are seeking.

  Elephant Bibliographic Database
www.elephantcare.org

References Updated October 2007

     1.    Mikota S.K. 2008. Tuberculosis in elephants. In: Fowler ME and Miller RE (eds), Zoo and Wild Animal Medicine, Current Therapy 6th edition pp. 355-364. Saunders/Elsevier, St. Louis.

     2.    Aroch I., King R. and Baneth G. 2007. Hematology and serum biochemistry values of trapped, healthy, free-ranging rock hyraxes (Procavia capensis) and their association with age, sex, and gestational status.Vet Clin Pathol 36: 40-48.

     3.    Bechert U. and Christensen J.M. 2007. Pharmacokinetics of orally administered ibuprofen in African and Asian elephants (Loxodonta africana and Elephas maximus).Zoo Wildl Med 38: 258-268.

     4.    Brown J.L., Somerville M., Riddle H.S. et al. 2007. Comparative endocrinology of testicular, adrenal and thyroid function in captive Asian and African elephant bulls.General and Comparative Endocrinology 151: 153-162.

     5.    Dehnhard M. 2007. Characterisation of the sympathetic nervous system of Asian (Elephas maximus) and African (Loxodonta africana) elephants based on urinary catecholamine analyses.Gen Comp Endocrinol 151: 274-284.

     6.    Duer C., Carden M. and Tomasi T. 2007. Detection of fetal gender differences in maternal serum progesterone concentrations of Asian elephants (Elephas maximus).Animal Reproduction Science 97: 278-283.

     7.    Hildebrandt T., Drews B., Gaeth A.P. et al. 2007. Foetal age determination and development in elephants.Proc R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 274: 323-331.

     8.    Lacasse C., Terio K., Kinsel M.J. et al. 2007. Two cases of atypical mycobacteriosis caused by Mycobacterium szulgai associated with mortality in captive African elephants (Loxodonta africana).Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 38: 101-107.

     9.    Mahmood I. 2007. Application of allometric principles for the prediction of pharmacokinetics in human and veterinary drug development.Adv Drug Deliv Rev  2007 Aug 16; [Epub ahead of print].

   10.    Maple T.L. 2007. Toward a science of welfare for animals in the zoo.J Appl Anim Welf Sci 10: 63-70.

   11.    Portas T., Bryant B., Goritz F. et al. 2007. Semen collection in an Asian elephant (Elephas maximus) under combined physical and chemical restraint.Aust Vet J 85: 425-427.

   12.    Schulte B.A., Freeman E.W., Goodwin T.E., Hollister-Smith J. and Rasmussen L.E.L. 2007. Honest signalling through chemicals by elephants with applications for care and conservation.Applied Animal Behaviour Science 102: 344-363.

   13.    Sreekumar E., Janki M.B.V., Arathy D.S. et al. 2007. Molecular characterization and expression of Interferon-gamma of Asian elephant (Elephas maximus).Vet Immunol Immunopathol 118: 75-83.

   14.    Stoeger-Horwath A.S., Stoeger S., Schwammer H.M. and Kratochvil H. 2007. Call repertoire of infant African elephants: first insights into the early vocal ontogeny.J Acoust Soc Am 121: 3922-3931.

   15.    Une Y. and Mori T. 2007. Tuberculosis as a zoonosis from a veterinary perspective.Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis Aug 13; [Epub ahead of print].

   16.    Aspegran S. 2006. Future keeping of elephants at Heidelberg Zoo.  Proceedings International Elephant Conservation & Research Symposium., 2006, p. 241.

   17.    Bagley K.R., Goodwin T.E., Rasmussen L.E.L. and Schulte B.A. 2006. Male African elephants, Loxodonta africana, can distinguish oestrous status via urinary signals.Animal Behaviour 71: 1445.

   18.    Ball R., Dumonceaux G., Olsen J. and Burton M.S. 2006. Comparison of trunk wash results matched to Multiantigen Print Immunoassay (MAPIA) in a group of captive Asian elephants (Elephas maximus).Proceedings International Elephant Conservation and Research Symposium: 242-243.

   19.    Ball R.L. and Fad O. 2006. Serum cortisols in captive Asian elephants (Elephas maximus) in different management systems at Busch Gardens Tampa Bay.  Proceedings International Elephant Conservation & Research Symposium., 2006, pp. 244-247.

   20.    Ball R.L. and Brown J. 2006. Preliminary results of a cabergoline trial in captive elephants with hyperprolactinemia.  Proceedings International Elephant Conservation & Research Symposium., 2006, pp. 26-28.

   21.    Ball R.L., Dumonceaux G., Olsen J.H., Burton M.S. and Lyashchenko K. 2006. Comparison of trunk wash results matched to multiantigen print immunoassay (MAPIA) in a group of captive Asian elephants (Elephas maximus).  2006 Proceedings American Association of Zoo Veterinarians, pp. 303-304.

   22.    Baskaran N., Das S. and Sukumar R. 2006. Status and management of captive Asian elephants in northern West Bengal, northeastern India.  Proceedings International Elephant Conservation & Research Symposium., 2006, pp. 29-37.

   23.    Benz A., Zenker W., Hildebrandt T.B., Weissengruber G. and Geyer H. 2006. Recent findings about the macroscopic and microscopic morphology of the elephants hooves (Elephantidae).  Proceedings International Elephant Conservation & Research Symposium., 2006, pp. 38-41.

   24.    Bojesen A.M., Olsen K.E. and Bertelsen M.F. 2006. Fatal enterocolitis in Asian elephants (Elephas maximus) caused by Clostridium difficile.Vet Microbiol Epub ahead of print.

   25.    Brown J.L., Somerville M., Riddle H.S., Keele M. and Duer C. 2006. Comparative endocrinology of testicular and thyroid function in captive Asian and African elephant bulls.  Proceedings International Elephant Conservation & Research Symposium., 2006, pp. 58-75.

   26.    Brown J.L., Freeman E. and Duce C. 2006. Update on the reproductive status of female Asian and African elephants in the SSP population of North America.  Proceedings International Elephant Conservation & Research Symposium., 2006, pp. 48-57.

   27.    Dangolla A., Ekanayake D.K., Rajapakse R.P., Dubey J.P. and Silva I.D. 2006. Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii antibodies in captive elephants (Elephas maximus maximus) in Sri Lanka.Vet Parasitol 137: 172-174.

   28.    Elzanowski A. and Sergiel A. 2006. Stereotypic behavior of a female Asiatic elephant (Elephas maximus) in a zoo.J Appl Anim Welf Sci. 9: 223-232.

   29.    Ganguly S., Rao S. and Varma S. 2006. The crisis in captive elephant welfare and management in India: Report from an all-India survey.  Proceedings International Elephant Conservation & Research Symposium., 2006, p. 251.

   30.    Hildebrandt T., Goeritz F., Hermes R., Schaftenaar W. and Drews B. 2006. Dystocia - an increasing problem in captive breeding programs: Causes and treatment.  Proceedings International Elephant Conservation & Research Symposium., 2006, p. 92.

   31.    Hutchins M. 2006. Death at the Zoo: The Media, Science, and Reality.Zoo Biology 25: 101-115.

   32.    Hutchinson J.R., Schwerda D., Famini D.J. et al. 2006. The locomotor kinematics of Asian and African elephants: changes with speed and size.J Exp Biol 209 (Pt 19): 3812-3827.

   33.    Isaza R., Davis R.D., Moore S.M. and Briggs D.J. 2006. Results of vaccination of Asian elephants (Elephas maximus) with monovalent inactivated rabies vaccine.Am J Vet Res.

   34.    Langbauer W., Philp K., Frydman G. and Galvanek J. 2006. The effect of human contact on African elephant heart rate.  Proceedings International Elephant Conservation & Research Symposium., 2006, pp. 253-255.

   35.    McComb K., Baker L. and Moss C. 2006. African elephants show high levels of interest in the skulls and ivory of their own species.Biol.Lett. 2: 26-28.

   36.    Norgaard C. 2006. Towards 24 hours of enrichment.  Proceedings International Elephant Conservation & Research Symposium., 2006, p. 260.

   37.    Oerke A.-K., Heistermann M.A. and Hodges K. 2006. Duration of pregnancy and its relation to sex of calf and age of cow in the European population of Asian and African elephants.  Proceedings International Elephant Conservation & Research Symposium., 2006, pp. 125-131.

   38.    Plotnik J.M., de Waal F.B. and Reiss D. 2006. Self-recognition in an Asian elephant.Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 103: 17053-1770.

   39.    Rajeev T.S., Rajkamal P.J., Saseendran P.C. and Ajthkumar G. 2006. Comparative knowledge of elephant diseases to the first and second mahouts and its relative effect on the health management of captive elephants in Kerala, India.  Proceedings International Elephant Conservation & Research Symposium., 2006, pp. 132-134.

   40.    Rode K.D., Chiyo P.I., Chapman C.A. and McDowell L.R. 2006. Nutritional ecology of elephants in Kibale National Park, Uganda, and its relationship with crop-raiding behaviour.Journal of Tropical Ecology.

   41.    Sarma K.K. and Thomas S. 2006. Foot diseases in the working elephants in eastern India.  Proceedings International Elephant Conservation & Research Symposium., 2006, pp. 262-270.

   42.    Sarma K.K. 2006. Occupational injuries and work related diseases in the working elephants in India´s north east.  Proceedings International Elephant Conservation & Research Symposium., 2006, pp. 164-169.

   43.    Stremme C., Lubis A. and Wahyu M. 2006. Implementation of regular veterinary care for captive Sumatran elephants (Elephas maximus sumatranus) throughout north Sumatra and Aceh.  Proceedings International Elephant Conservation & Research Symposium, 2006, pp. 182-188.

   44.    Thongtip N., Mahasawangkul S., Thitaram C. et al. 2006. First report of pregnancy by artificial insemination with chilled semen of an Asian elephant in Thailand.  Proceedings International Elephant Conservation & Research Symposium., 2006, p. 273.

   45.    Tresz H. 2006. Behavioral management at the Phoenix Zoo: New strategies and perspectives.Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science 9: 65-70.

   46.    Vanitha V., Thiyagesan K. and Baskaran N. 2006. Population demography and viability of Asian elephants in timber camps of Tamil Nadu, southern India.  Proceedings International Elephant Conservation & Research Symposium., 2007, p. 213.

   47.    Weissengruber G.E., Egger G.F., Hutchinson J.R. et al. 2006. The structure of the cushions in the feet of African elephants (Loxodonta africana).Journal of Anatomy 209: 781-792.

   48.    Wiese R.J. and Willis K. 2006. Population management of zoo elephants.Int.Zoo Yb. 40: 80-87.

   49.    Agnew D.W., Hagey L. and Shoshani J. 2005. The elephants of Zoba Gash Barka, Eritrea: part 4. Cholelithiasis in a wild African elephant (Loxodonta africana).Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 36: 677-683.

   50.    Andrews J., Mecklenborg A. and Bercovitch F.B. 2005. Milk intake and development in a newborn captive African elephant  (Loxodonta africana).Zoo Biology 24: 275-281.

   51.    Benz A. 2005. The elephant's hoof: macroscopic and microscopic morphology of defined locations under consideration of pathological changes.  Inaugural Dissertation Vetsuisse-Fakultät Universität Zürich.

   52.    Bertelsen M.F., Bojesen M. and Olsen K.E.P. 2005. Fatal enterocolitis in two Asian elephants (Elephas maximus) caused by Clostridium difficile.  2005 Proceedings AAZV, AAWV, AZA Nutrition Advisory Group, pp. 66-67.

   53.    Clemins P.J., Johnson M.T., Leong K.M. and Savage A. 2005. Automatic classification and speaker identification of African elephant (Loxodonta africana) vocalizations.J Acoust Soc Am. 117: 956-963.

   54.    Deem S.L., Brown J.L., Eggert L. et al. 2005. Health and management of working elephants in Myanmar (Burma).  Procedings American Association of Zoo Veterinarians, pp. 228-231.

   55.    Ganswindt A., Heistermann M. and Hodges K. 2005. Physical, physiological, and behavioral correlates of musth in captive African elephants (Loxodonta africana).Physiological and Biochemical Zoology 78: 505-514.

   56.    Ingram L.M., Isaza R., Koch D.E. and Hunter R.P. 2005. Pharmacokinetics of intravenous and intramuscular butorphanol in Asian elephants (Elephas maximus).  2005 Proceedings AAZV, AAWV, AZA Nutrition Advisory Group, pp. 70-71.

   57.    Lacasse C., Gamble K.C., Terio K. et al. 2005. Mycobacterium szulgai osteoarthritis and pneumonia in an African elephant (Loxodonta Africana).  2005 Proceedings AAZV, AAWV, AZA Nutrition Advisory Group, pp. 170-172.

   58.    Larsen R.S., Kay M., Triantis J. and Salman M.D. 2005. Update on serological detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in Asian elephants.  2005 Proceedings AAZV, AAWV, AZA Nutrition Advisory Group, pp. 62-63.

   59.    Leong K.M., Burks K., Rizkalla C.E. and Savage A. 2005. Effects of reproductive and social context on vocal communication in captive female African elephants (Loxodonta africana).Zoo Biology 24: 331-347.

   60.    Lewerin S.S., Olsson S.L., Eld K. et al. 2005. Outbreak of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection among captive Asian elephants in a Swedish zoo.Vet Rec. 156: 171-175.

   61.    Lyashchenko K., Miller M. and Waters W.R. 2005. Application of MAPIA (Multiple antigen print immunoassay) and rapid lateral flow technology for tuberculosis testing of elephants.  2005 Proceedings AAZV, AAWV, AZA Nutrition Advisory Group, pp. 64-65.

   62.    Murwira A. and Skidmore A.K. 2005. The response of elephants to the spatial heterogeneity of vegetation in a Southern African agricultural landscape.Landscape Ecology 20: 217-234.

   63.    Ortolani A., Leong K., Graham L. and Savage A. 2005. Behavioral indices of estrus in a group of captive African elephants (Loxodonta africana).Zoo Biology 24: 311-329.

   64.    Pendlebury C., Odongo N.E., Renjifo A. et al. 2005. Acid-insoluble ash as a measure of dry matter digestibility in captive African elephants (Loxodonta africana).Zoo Biology 24: 261-265.

   65.    Rahman S.A., Walker L. and Ricketts W. 2005. Global perspectives on animal welfare: Asia, the Far East, and Oceania.Rev Sci Tech 24: 597-612.

   66.    Rasmussen L.E.L., Krishamurthy V. and Sakumar R. 2005. Behavioural and chemical confirmation of the preovulatory pheromone, (Z)-7-dodecenyl acetate, in wild Asian elephants: its relationship to musth.Behaviour 142: 351-396.

   67.    Sanchez C.R., Murray S.Z., Isaza R. and Papich M.G. 2005. Pharmacokinetics of a single dose of enrofloxacin administered orally to captive Asian elephants (Elephas maximus).Am J Vet Res 66: 1948-1953.

   68.    Soltis J., Leong K. and Savage A. 2005. African elephant vocal communication II: Rumble variation reflects the individual identity and emotional state of callers.Animal Behaviour 70: 589-599.

   69.    Steinetz B.G., Brown J.L., Roth T.L. and Czekala N. 2005. Relaxin concentrations in serum and urine of endangered species.Ann.N.Y.Acad.Sci. 1041: 367-378.

   70.    Suedmeyer W.K., Oosterhuis J., Kollias G. et al. 2005. Elephant restraint device assisted anesthesia in an African elephant (Loxodonta africana).  2005 Proceedings AAZV, AAWV, AZA Nutrition Advisory Group, pp. 189-191.

   71.     2004. Elephant Husbandry Resource Guide. International Elephant Foundation, Azle. TX, pp.1-280.

   72.    Agnew D.W., Munson L. and Ramsay E.C. 2004. Cystic endometrial hyperplasia in elephants.Vet Pathol. 41: 179-183.

   73.    Brown J.L., Olson D., Keele M. and Freeman E.W. 2004. Survey of the reproductive cyclicity status of Asian and African elephants in North America.Zoo Biology 23: 309-321.

   74.    Burks K.D., Mellen J.D., Miller G.W. et al. 2004. Comparison of two introduction methods for African elephants (Loxodonta africana).Zoo Biology 23: 109-126.

   75.    Dahl N.J., Olson D., Schmitt D. et al. 2004. Development of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for luteinizing hormone (LH) in the elephant (Loxodonta africana and Elephas maximus).Zoo Biology 23: 65-78.

   76.    Dangolla A., Ekanayake D.K., Rajapakse R., Dubey J.P. and Silva I.D. 2004. Presence of Toxoplasma gondii antibodies in captive elephants (Elephaus maximus maximus)) in Sri Lanka.  Proceedings of the Peradeniya University Research  Sessions, Sri Lanka, Vol 9 November 10, 2004, pp. 209-214.

   77.    de Oliveira C.A., West G.D., Houck R. and Leblanc M. 2004. Control of musth in an Asian elephant bull (Elephas maximus) using leuprolide acetate.Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 35: 70-76.

   78.    Dembiec D.P., Snider R.J. and Zanella A.J. 2004. The effects of transport stress on tiger physiology and behavior.Zoo Biology 23: 335-346.

   79.    deOliveira C.A., West G.D., Houck R. and Leblanc M. 2004. Control of musth in an Asian elephant bull (Elephas maximus) using leuprolide acetate.Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 35: 70-76.

   80.    Elvin M. 2004. The Retreat of the Elephants: An Environmental History of China. Yale University Press, pp.1-547.

   81.    Freeman E.W., Weiss E. and Brown J.L. 2004. Examination of the interrelationships of behavior, dominance status, and ovarian activity in and African elephants.Zoo Biology 23: 431-448.

   82.    Groendahl-Nielsen C. 2004. Drunken Asian elephants (Elephas Maximus) from ryegrass hay.  2004 PROCEEDINGS AAZV, AAWV, WDA JOINT CONFERENCE, pp. 368-369.

   83.    Gunther R.H., O'Connell-Rodwell C.E., Klemperer S.L. and . 2004. Seismic waves from elephant vocalizations: A possible communication mode?Geophysical Research Letters 31 L11602.

   84.    Hakansson N.T. 2004. The human ecology of world systems in east Africa: The impact of the ivory trade.Human Ecology 32.

   85.    Hermes R., Hildebrandt T.B. and Goritz F. 2004. Reproductive problems directly attributable to long-term captivity-asymmetric reproductive aging.Animal Reproduction Science 82-83: 49-60.

   86.    Hildebrandt T.B., Hermes R., Janssen D.L. et al. 2004. Reproductive evaluation in wild African elephants prior to translocation.  2004 PROCEEDINGS AAZV, AAWV, WDA JOINT CONFERENCE, pp. 75-76.

   87.    Isaza R. and Hunter R.P. 2004. Drug delivery to captive Asian elephants - treating goliath.Current Drug Delivery 1: 291-298.

   88.    Janssen D.L., Oosterhuis J.E., Fuller J. and Williams K. 2004. Field technique: A method for obtaining trunk wash mycobacterial cultures in anesthetized free-ranging African elephants (Loxodonta africana).  2004 PROCEEDINGS AAZV, AAWV, WDA JOINT CONFERENCE, pp. 582-583.

   89.    McAloon F.M. 2004. Oribatid mites as intermediate hosts of Anoplocephala manubriata, cestode of the Asian elephant in India.Exp Appl Acarol 32: 181-185.

   90.    Rees P.A. 2004. Some preliminary evidence of the social facilitation of mounting behavior in a juvenile bull asian elephant (Elephas maximus).J Appl Anim Welf Sci. 7: 49-59.

   91.    Rees P.A. 2004. Low environmental temperature causes an increase in stereotypic behaviour in captive Asian elephants (Elephas maximus).Journal of Thermal Biology 29: 37-43.

   92.    Ruedi, D. Collection and handling of semen and insemination in the African elephant (Loxodonta africana) at Basle Zoo.  2004.
Ref Type: Unpublished Work

   93.    Saseendran P.C., Rajendran S., Subramanian H. et al. 2004. Incidence of helminthic infection among annually dewormed captive elephants.Zoos' Print Journal 19: 1422.

   94.    Stringfield C.E., Oh P., Granich R. et al. 2004. Epidemiologic investigation of a Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection of multiple animal species in a metropolitan zoo.  2004 PROCEEDINGS AAZV, AAWV, WDA JOINT CONFERENCE, pp. 46-48.

   95.    Tenhumberg B., Tyre A.J., Shea K. and Possingham H.P. 2004. Linking wild and captive populations to maximize species persistence: Optimal translocation strategies.Conservation Biology 18: 1304-1314.

   96.    Wiese R.J. and Willis K. 2004. Calculation of longevity and life expectancy in captive elephants.Zoo Biology 23: 365-373.

   97.    Wilson M.L., Bloomsmith M.A. and Maple T.L. 2004. Stereotypic swaying and serum cortisol concentrations in three captive African elephants (Loxodonta africana).Animal-Welfare 13: 39-43.

   98.    Elephants in European zoos and safari parks: Comprehensive data on elephant husbandry with an analysis of the Oxford study: Dokumentation 2002.  1-210. 2003.  European Elephant Group.
Ref Type: Report

   99.     2003. Healthcare, Breeding and Management of Asian Elephants. Project Elephant. Govt. of India, New Delhi, pp.1-199.

100.    In safe hands: A response to the RSPCA report on the welfare of elephants in captivity.  1-8. 2003. London, Federation of Zoological Gardens of Great Britain and Ireland.
Ref Type: Report

101.    Bechert U., Christensen J.M. and Finnegan M. 2003. Pharmacokinetics of orally administered ibuprofen in elephants.  Proc Amer Assoc Zoo Vet, pp. 84-85.

102.    Chakraborty A. 2003. Common words used in elephant management. In: Das D (ed), Healthcare, Breeding and Management of Asian Elephants pp. 191-194. Project Elephant. Govt. of India, New Delhi.

103.    Clauss M., Loehlein W., Kienzle E. and Wiesner H. 2003. Studies on feed digestibilities in captive Asian elephants (Elephas maximus).J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 87: 160-173.

104.    Clauss M., Wang Y., Ghebremeskel K. et al. 2003. Plasma and erythrocyte fatty acids in captive Asian (Elephas maximus) and African (Loxodonta africana) elephants.Vet Rec 153: 54-58.

105.    Coe J.C. 2003. Steering the ark toward Eden: Design for animal well-being.J Am Vet Med Assoc 223: 977-980.

106.    Dobson G.P. 2003. On being the right size: Heart design, mitochondrial efficiency and liefspan potential.Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology and Physiology 30: 590-597.

107.    Dumonceaux G., Hunter R., Koch D. and Isaza R. 2003. The absorption and distribution of ceftiofur in asian elephants (Elephas maximus).  Proc Amer Assoc Zoo Vet, pp. 80-81.

108.    Dutta B. 2003. Transportation of elephants. In: Das D (ed), Healthcare, Breeding and Management of Asian Elephants pp. 164-173. Project Elephant. Govt. of India, New Delhi.

109.    Easwaran K.R., Ravindran R. and Pillai K.M. 2003. Parasitic infections of some wild animals at Thekkady in Kerala.Zoos' Print Journal 18: 1030.

110.    Fickel J., Liekfeldt D., Richman L.K. et al. 2003. Comparison of glycoprotein B (gB) variants of the elephant endotheliotropic herpesvirus (EEHV) isolated from Asian elephants (Elephas maximus).Vet Microbiol 91: 11-21.

111.    Hermes R., Arav A., Saragusty J. et al. 2003. Cryopreservation of Asian elephant spermatozoa using directional freezing.  Proc.Amer Assoc of Zoo Veterinarians, p. 264.

112.    Kashid K.P., Shrikhande G.B. and Bhojne G.R. 2003. Incidence of gastro-intestinal helminths in captive wild animals at different locations.Zoos' Print Journal 18: 1053-1054.

113.    Kotoky P. 2003. Purchase of elephants for government departments and introduction to relevant government schemes. In: Das D (ed), Healthcare, Breeding and Management of Asian Elephants pp. 174-179. Project Elephant. Govt. of India, New Delhi.

114.    Langman V.A., Rowe M., Forthman D. et al. 2003. Quantifying shade using a standard environment.Zoo Biology 22: 253-260.

115.    Malhotra A.K. and Kumar M. 2003. Management of musth Indian elephant at National Zoological Park, New Delhi.Zoos' Print Journal 18: 10.

116.    Mikota S.K., Hammatt H. and Finnegan M. 2003. Occurrence and prevention of capture wounds in Sumatran elephants (Elephas maximus sumatranus).  Proc Amer Assoc Zoo Vet, pp. 291-293.

117.    Rees P.A. 2003. Asian elephants in zoos face global extinction: should zoos accept the inevitable?Oryx 37: 20-22.

118.    Roychoudhury R. 2003. Feeding schedule for elephants of different age groups and jobs. In: Das D (ed), Healthcare, Breeding and Management of Asian Elephants pp. 83-93. Project Elephant. Govt. of India, New Delhi.

119.    Sarma K.K. 2003. Managing troublesome bulls with special reference to musth in captive Asian elephants. In: Das D (ed), Healthcare, Breeding and Management of Asian Elephants pp. 58-66. Project Elephant. Govt. of India, New Delhi.

120.    Slade B.E., Schulte B.A. and Rasmussen L.E.L. 2003. Oestrous state dynamics in chemical communication by captive female Asian elephants.Animal Behaviour 65: 813-819.

121.    Sukumar K. 2003. Asian elephants in zoos – a response to Rees.Oryx 37: 23-24.

122.    Talukdar B.N. 2003. Daily routine and working hours for elephants and gear for different purposes. In: Das D (ed), Healthcare, Breeding and Management of Asian Elephants pp. 157-163. Project Elephant. Govt. of India, New Delhi.

123.    Ziccardi M., Wong H.N., Tell L.A. et al. 2003. Further optimization and validation of the antigen 85 immunoassay for diagnosing mycobacteriosis in wildlife.  Proc Amer Assoc Zoo Vet, pp. 219-220.

124.     2002. Giants on Our Hands: Proceedings of the International Workshop on the Domesticated Asian Elephant. FAO Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific (RAPA), Bangkok; Thailand, pp.1-278.

125.    Live hard, die young - how elephants suffer in zoos.  1-11. 2002. Southwater, U.K., RSPCA / Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals.
Ref Type: Report

126.    Alex P.C. 2002. The Musth, the vicious and the rogue elephants - a review.Journal of Indian Veterinary Association Kerala 7: 26-27.

127.    Bist S.S. 2002. The status of the domesticated elephants in India.Journal of Indian Veterinary Association Kerala 7: 4-7.

128.    Bist S.S., Cheeran J.V., Choudhury S., Barua P. and Misra M.K. 2002. The domesticated Asian elephant in India. In: Baker I and Kashio M (eds), Giants on Our Hands: Proceedings of the International Workshop on the Domesticated Asian Elephant, Bangkok, Thailand, 5-10 February 2001. pp. 129-148. FAO Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific (RAPA), Bangkok; Thailand.

129.    Chandrasekharan K. 2002. Sensitive Points of Elephants.Journal of Indian Veterinary Association Kerala 7: 25.

130.    Chandrasekharan K. 2002. Specific diseases of Asian elephants.Journal of Indian Veterinary Association Kerala 7: 31-34.

131.    Cheeran J.V., Chandrasekharan K. and Radhakrishnan K. 2002. Tranquilization and translocation of elephants.Journal of Indian Veterinary Association Kerala 7: 42-46.

132.    Cheeran J.V. 2002. Training and Management of Elephants.Journal of Indian Veterinary Association Kerala 7: 21-23.

133.    Cheeran J.V., Panicker K.C., Kaimal R.K. and Giridas P.B. 2002. Tranquillization and translocation of captive bulls. In: Baker I and Kashio M (eds), Giants on Our Hands: Proceedings of the International Workshop on the Domesticated Asian Elephant, Bangkok, Thailand, 5-10 February 2001. pp. 219-222. FAO Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific (RAPA), Bangkok; Thailand.

134.    Clausen B. 2002. An assessment of the work of the mobile elephant clinic based in Lampang, Thailand. In: Baker I and Kashio M (eds), Giants on Our Hands: Proceedings of the International Workshop on the Domesticated Asian Elephant, Bangkok, Thailand, 5-10 February 2001. pp. 239-240. FAO Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific (RAPA), Bangkok; Thailand.

135.    Clubb, R. and Mason, G. A review of the welfare of zoo elephants in Europe: A report commissioned by the RSPCA.  1-280. 2002. Oxford,U.K., University of Oxford, Animal Behaviour Research Group, Department of Zoology.
Ref Type: Report

136.    Daim M.S. 2002. The care and management of domesticated elephants in Malaysia. In: Baker I and Kashio M (eds), Giants on Our Hands: Proceedings of the International Workshop on the Domesticated Asian Elephant, Bangkok, Thailand, 5-10 February 2001. pp. 149-155. FAO Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific (RAPA), Bangkok; Thailand.

137.    Duer C., Carden M., Schmitt D. and Tomasi T. 2002. Utility of maternal serum total testosterone analysis for fetal gender determination in Asian elephants (Elephas maximus).Anim Reprod Sci 69: 47-52.

138.    Essbauer S., Meyer H., Kaaden O.R. and Pfeffer M. 2002. Recent cases in the German poxvirus consulting laboratory.Revue de Medecine Veterinaire 153: 635-642.

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