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Database Index Diagnostic Techniques (The following additional keywords have been used to categorize articles within this section and may assist your search.) biochemical marker, biopsy, blood pressure, computed tomography, cytology, diagnostic techniques, EKG, fecal analysis, field technique, MRI, necropsy, thermography, trunk wash, ultrasound, urinalysis, xray,
Elephant
Bibliographic
Database References Updated October 2007 1. Hildebrandt T., Drews B., Gaeth A.P. et al. 2007. Foetal age determination and development in elephants.Proc R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 274: 323-331. 2. Lacasse C., Terio K., Kinsel M.J. et al. 2007. Two cases of atypical mycobacteriosis caused by Mycobacterium szulgai associated with mortality in captive African elephants (Loxodonta africana).Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 38: 101-107. 3. Morley R.C. and van Aarde R.J. 2007. Estimating abundance for a savanna elephant population using mark-resight methods: a case study for the Tembe Elephant Park, South Africa.Journal of Zoology 271: 418-427. 4. Agnew D.W. 2006. Brain removal in charismatic mega-vertebrates: A not-so-charismatic chore. 2006 Proceedings American Association of Zoo Veterinarians. 5. Ball R., Dumonceaux G., Olsen J. and Burton M.S. 2006. Comparison of trunk wash results matched to Multiantigen Print Immunoassay (MAPIA) in a group of captive Asian elephants (Elephas maximus).Proceedings International Elephant Conservation and Research Symposium: 242-243. 6. Ball R.L., Dumonceaux G., Olsen J.H., Burton M.S. and Lyashchenko K. 2006. Comparison of trunk wash results matched to multiantigen print immunoassay (MAPIA) in a group of captive Asian elephants (Elephas maximus). 2006 Proceedings American Association of Zoo Veterinarians, pp. 303-304. 7. Drews B., Göritz F., Hermes R. et al. 2006. Morphological and ultrasonographic characterization of the embryonic development in elephants. Proceedings International Elephant Conservation & Research Symposium., 2006, pp. 82-83. 8. Fidgett A.L., Newman E.C. and Sanderson S. 2006. Using faecal analysis as an indicator of dental condition: A case study at Chester Zoo. Proceedings International Elephant Conservation & Research Symposium., 2006, p. 250. 9. Hildebrandt T.B., Hermes R., Ratanakorn P. et al. 2006. Ultrasonographic assessment and ultrasound-guided biopsy of the retropharyngeal lymph nodes in elephants. 2006 Proceedings American Association of Zoo Veterinarians, pp. 117-118.
10.
Kilgallon C., Flach E., Boardman W. et al. 2006. Biochemical
markers of bone in Asian elephants (Elephas maximus): a cross sectional
analysis of two serum markers of bone formation and one serum marker of
bone resorption. 11. Lyashchenko K.P., Greenwald R., Esfandiari J. et al. 2006. Tuberculosis in elephants: antibody responses to defined antigens of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, potential for early diagnosis, and monitoring of treatment.Clin Vaccine Immunol 13: 722-732.
12.
Mikota S.K., Miller M., Dumonceaux G. et al. 2006.
Elephant
tuberculosis diagnosis: implications for elephant management in Asian
range countries. 13. Mikota S.K., Dumonceaux G., Miller M. et al. 2006. Tuberculosis in elephants: An update on diagnosis and treatment; implications for control in range countries.Proceedings International Elephant Conservation and Research Symposium: 109-118. 14. Moller T., Roken B.O., Lewerin S.S. and Lyashchenko K. 2006. The elephant Rapid Test (RT) the future diagnostic test for TB (M. tuberculosis) in elephants? Call for a validation study in Europe.Proceedings International Elephant Conservation and Research Symposium: 119-124.
15.
Siegal-Willott J., Isaza R., Johnson R. and Blaik M. 2006. Clinical
evaluation of distal limb radiography and growth plate closure in the
juvenile Asian elephant (Elephas maximus).
16.
Suedmeyer W.K. and Fine D. 2006. Indirect oscillometric blood pressure
measurement in four African elephants (Loxodonta africana). 17. Tremblay Y., Shaffer S.A., Fowler S.L. et al. 2006. Interpolation of animal tracking data in a fluid environment.J Exp Biol. 209 (Pt 1): 128-140. 18. Varma S., Pittet A. and Jamadagni H.S. 2006. Experimenting usage of camera-traps-for population dynamics study of the Asian elephant Elephas maximus in southern India.Current Science 91: 324-331. 19. Weissengruber G.E., Egger G.F., Hutchinson J.R. et al. 2006. The structure of the cushions in the feet of African elephants (Loxodonta africana).Journal of Anatomy 209: 781-792. 20. Weissengruber G.E., Fuss F.K., Egger G. et al. 2006. The elephant knee joint: morphological and biomechanical considerations.Journal of Anatomy 208: 59-72.
21.
Wiedner E., Alleman R. and Isaza R. 2006. Urinalysis in Asian elephants
(Elephas maximus).
22.
Wynne J. and Greer L. 2006. Management of digital osteomyelitis in an
Asian elephant (Elephas maximus). 23. Zuba J.R., Oosterhuis J.E. and Pessier A.P. 2006. The toenail "abscess" in elephants: treatment options including cryotherapy and pathologic similarities with equine proliferative pododermatitis (canker). 2006 Proceedings American Association of Zoo Veterinarians, pp. 187-190. 24. Andrews J., Mecklenborg A. and Bercovitch F.B. 2005. Milk intake and development in a newborn captive African elephant (Loxodonta africana).Zoo Biology 24: 275-281. 25. Cousins D.V. and Florisson N. 2005. A review of tests available for use in the diagnosis of tuberculosis in non-bovine species.Rev.sci.tech.Off.int.Epiz. 24: 1039-1059. 26. Hildebrandt T.B., Hermes R., Ratanakorn P. et al. 2005. Ultrasonographic assessment and ultrasound-guided biopsy of the retropharyngeal lymph nodes in Asian elephants (Elephas maximus).Vet Rec 157: 544-548. 27. Lacasse C., Gamble K.C., Terio K. et al. 2005. Mycobacterium szulgai osteoarthritis and pneumonia in an African elephant (Loxodonta Africana). 2005 Proceedings AAZV, AAWV, AZA Nutrition Advisory Group, pp. 170-172. 28. Larsen R.S., Kay M., Triantis J. and Salman M.D. 2005. Update on serological detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in Asian elephants. 2005 Proceedings AAZV, AAWV, AZA Nutrition Advisory Group, pp. 62-63. 29. Lyashchenko K., Miller M. and Waters W.R. 2005. Application of MAPIA (Multiple antigen print immunoassay) and rapid lateral flow technology for tuberculosis testing of elephants. 2005 Proceedings AAZV, AAWV, AZA Nutrition Advisory Group, pp. 64-65. 30. Moller T., Roken B., Petersson L., Vitaud C. and Lyashchenko K. 2005. Preliminary results of a new serological test for detection of TB-infection (Mycobacterium tuberculosis) in elephants (Elephas maximus and Loxodonta africanum) - Swedish Case studies. Verh.ber.Erkrg.Zootiere, pp. 173-181. 31. Rush E.M., Brawner W.R., Ogburn A.L., Marshall A. and Hathcock J.T. 2005. Comparison of radiographs versus computed tomography evaluation of the distal limb in an Asian elephant. 2005 Proceedings AAZV, AAWV, AZA Nutrition Advisory Group, pp. 68-69. 32. Suedmeyer W.K., Oosterhuis J., Kollias G. et al. 2005. Elephant restraint device assisted anesthesia in an African elephant (Loxodonta africana). 2005 Proceedings AAZV, AAWV, AZA Nutrition Advisory Group, pp. 189-191. 33. Waters W.R., Palmer M.V., Bannantine J.P. et al. 2005. Antibody responses in reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) infected with Mycobacterium bovis.Clinical and Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology 12: 727-735.
34.
Wise, D. J., Carter, G. R., and Flores, E. F. Laboratory diagnosis of
viral infections. 2005.
35.
Wise, D. J., Carter, G. R., and Flores, E. F. Laboratory Diagnosis of
Viral Infections. Carter, G. R., Wise, D. J., and Flores, E. F. A
Concise Review of Veterinary Virology. Ithaca: International Veterinary
Information Service (www.ivis.org), 2005; Document No.A3407.0305. 2005.
36.
Principles of validation of diagnostic assays for infectious diseases.
2004. 37. Brown J.L., Olson D., Keele M. and Freeman E.W. 2004. Survey of the reproductive cyclicity status of Asian and African elephants in North America.Zoo Biology 23: 309-321. 38. Brown J.L., Goritz F., Pratt-Hawkes N. et al. 2004. Successful artificial insemination of an Asian elephant at the National Zoological Park.Zoo Biology 23: 45-63. 39. Dahl N.J., Olson D., Schmitt D. et al. 2004. Development of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for luteinizing hormone (LH) in the elephant (Loxodonta africana and Elephas maximus).Zoo Biology 23: 65-78. 40. Hildebrandt T.B., Hermes R., Janssen D.L. et al. 2004. Reproductive evaluation in wild African elephants prior to translocation. 2004 PROCEEDINGS AAZV, AAWV, WDA JOINT CONFERENCE, pp. 75-76. 41. Janssen D.L., Oosterhuis J.E., Fuller J. and Williams K. 2004. Field technique: A method for obtaining trunk wash mycobacterial cultures in anesthetized free-ranging African elephants (Loxodonta africana). 2004 PROCEEDINGS AAZV, AAWV, WDA JOINT CONFERENCE, pp. 582-583. 42. Kautenburger R., Wannemacher J. and Muller P. 2004. Multi element analysis by X-ray fluorescence: A powerful tool of ivory identification from various origins.Journal Of Radioanalytical And Nuclear Chemistry 260: 399-404. 43. Kinsella J.M., Deem S.L., Blake S. and Freeman A. 2004. Endoparasites of African forest elephants (Loxodonta africana cyclotis) from the Republic of Congo and Central African Republic.Comparative Parasitology 71: 104-110. 44. Loomis M.R. and Loomis J.M. 2004. Equipment for use in monitoring anesthetized animals in remote geographic locations. 2004 PROCEEDINGS AAZV, AAWV, WDA JOINT CONFERENCE, pp. 499-501. 45. Stringfield C.E., Oh P., Granich R. et al. 2004. Epidemiologic investigation of a Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection of multiple animal species in a metropolitan zoo. 2004 PROCEEDINGS AAZV, AAWV, WDA JOINT CONFERENCE, pp. 46-48. 46. Chakraborty A. 2003. Necropsy of elephant. In: Das D (ed), Healthcare, Breeding and Management of Asian Elephants pp. 145-151. Project Elephant. Govt. of India, New Delhi. 47. Cheeran J.V. and Nair N.D. 2003. Techniques and Procedures for Post-Mortem of Elephants. Project Elephant and Central Zoo Authority, New Delhi India, pp.1-40. 48. Czekala N.M., MacDonald E.A., Steinman K. et al. 2003. Estrogen and LH dynamics during the follicular phase of the estrous cycle in the Asian elephant.Zoo Biology 22: 443-454. 49. Kruzic J.J., Nalla R.K., Kinney J.H. and Ritchie R.O. 2003. Crack blunting, crack bridging and resistance-curve fracture mechanics in dentin: Effect of hydration.Biomaterials 24: 5209-5221. 50. Pothiwong W., Kamonrat P. and Uthaichotiwan P. 2003. A morphological study and diagnotic ultrasonography of Asian elephant kidney.Thai Journal of Veterinary Medicine 33: 79-88. 51. Schmitt D. 2003. Ultrasonography of elephants. In: Das D (ed), Healthcare, Breeding and Management of Asian Elephants pp. 32-36. Project Elephant. Govt. of India, New Delhi. 52. Schmitt D.L. 2003. Proboscidea (Elephants). In: Fowler ME and Miller RE (eds), Zoo and Wild Animal Medicine pp. 541-550. Elsevier Science USA. 53. Ziccardi M., Wong H.N., Tell L.A. et al. 2003. Further optimization and validation of the antigen 85 immunoassay for diagnosing mycobacteriosis in wildlife. Proc Amer Assoc Zoo Vet, pp. 219-220. 54. Zuba J.R., Stetter M.D., Dover S.R. and Briggs M. 2003. Development of rigid laparoscopy techniques in elephants and rhinoceros. Proc Amer Assoc Zoo Vet, pp. 223-227. 55. Bechert U.S. and Southern S. 2002. Monitoring Environmental Stress in African Elephants (Loxodonta africana ) through Molecular Analysis of Stress-Activated Proteins. In: Baer CK (ed), Proceedings American Association of Zoo Veterinarians, pp. 249-253. Milwaukee, Wisconsin. 56. Geddes L.A. 2002. Electrocardiograms from the turtle to the elephant that illustrate interesting physiological phenomena.Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 25: 1762-1770. 57. Kumar G.A., Ghosh K.N.A., Sreekumaran T. and Chandrasekharan K. 2002. Reproduction in elephants.Journal of Indian Veterinary Association Kerala 7: 38-40, 48-48. 58. Mikota S.K. and Maslow J. 2002. Epidemiology and Treatment of Tuberculosis in Elephants: 2002. In: Baer CK (ed), American Association of Zoo Veterinarians Annual Conference, 2002, pp. 384-387. 59. Oh P., Granich R., Scott J. et al. 2002. Human exposure following Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection of multiple animal species in a Metropolitan Zoo.Emerg Infect Dis 8: 1290-1293. 60. Payeur J.B., Jarnagin J.L., Marquardt J.G. and Whipple D.L. 2002. Mycobacterial isolations in captive elephants in the United States.Ann N Y Acad Sci 969: 256-258. 61. Pearson E.G. 2002. Diseases of the hepatobiliary system. In: Smith BP (ed), Large Animal Internal Medicine pp. 790-795. Mosby, St.Louis. 62. Reilly J. 2002. Growth in the Sumatran elephant (Elephas maximus sumatranus) and age estimation based on dung diameter.J.Zool., Lond 258: 205-213. 63. Suedmeyer W.K. 2002. Conditioning programs for transabdominal ultrasound gestational monitoring in an eastern black rhinoceros (Dicerosbicornis michaeli), african elephant, (Loxodonta africana), african lion (Panthera leo), and bornean orangutan (Pongo pygmaeus pygmaeus). Proc Amer Assoc Zoo Vet, pp. 50-52. 64. Suedmeyer W.K. 2002. Transabdominal ultrasonic Gestational monitoring in an African elephant (Loxodonta africana). In: Baer CK (ed), American Association of Zoo Veterinarians Annual Conference, 2002, pp. 219-220. 65. Tresamol P.V. 2002. Elephant surra.Journal of Indian Veterinary Association Kerala 7: 60. 66. Tuntivanich P., Soontornvipart K., Tuntivanich N., Wongaumnuaykul S. and Briksawan P. 2002. Schirmer tear test in clinically normal Asian elephants.Veterinary Research Communications 26: 297-299. 67. Vijayan N. and Nair N.D. 2002. Autopsy in elephants.Journal of Indian Veterinary Association Kerala 7: 53-51. 68. Wise D.J. and Carter G.R. 2002. Immunology A Comprehensive Review. Iowa State University Press (Blackwell), Ames IA, pp.1-182. 69. Woodford M.H., Keet D.F. and Bengis R.G. 2002. A guide to post-mortem procedure and a review of pathological processes identified in the elephant. Post-mortem Procedures for Wildlife Veterinarians and Field Biologists pp. 36-47. IUCN. 70. Ball R.L. 2001. Ultrasound Evaluation of the Pleura Space and Associated Connective Tissue in the Asian Elephant (Elephas maximus). A Research Update on Elephants and Rhinos; Proceedings of the International Elephant and Rhino Research Symposium, Vienna, June 7-11, 2001, 2001, p. 245. Schuling Verlag, Vienna, Austria. 71. Fritsch G., Hermes R. and Maltzan J. 2001. New Aspects of Sexual Maturation in Male Elephants. A Research Update on Elephants and Rhinos; Proceedings of the International Elephant and Rhino Research Symposium, Vienna, June 7-11, 2001, 2001, p. 25. Schuling Verlag, Vienna, Austria. 72. Goeritz F., Hildebrandt T.B., Hermes R. et al. 2001. Results of Hormonal Contraception in Free-Ranging African Elephants. A Research Update on Elephants and Rhinos; Proceedings of the International Elephant and Rhino Research Symposium, Vienna, June 7-11, 2001, 2001, p. 262. Schuling Verlag, Vienna, Austria. 73. Isaza R. 2001. The elephant trunk wash - An update. ProcElephant Mangers Association Annual Conference. 74. Lehnhardt J., Bolling J., Pratt N. et al. 2001. Elephant Artificial Insemination (AI) in Protected Contact. A Research Update on Elephants and Rhinos; Proceedings of the International Elephant and Rhino Research Symposium, Vienna, June 7-11, 2001, 2001, p. 70. Schuling Verlag, Vienna, Austria. 75. Miller M., Neiffer D., Weber M. et al. 2001. Salmonella Culture and PCR Results in a Group of Captive African Elephants (Loxodonta africana). A Research Update on Elephants and Rhinos; Proceedings of the International Elephant and Rhino Research Symposium, Vienna, June 7-11, 2001, 2001, pp. 83-86. Schuling Verlag, Vienna, Austria. 76. Montali R.J., Richman L.K., Mikota S.K. et al. 2001. Management Aspects of Herpesvirus Infections and Tuberculosis in Elephants. A Research Update on Elephants and Rhinos; Proceedings of the International Elephant and Rhino Research Symposium, Vienna, June 7-11, 2001, 2001, pp. 87-95. Schuling Verlag, Vienna, Austria. 77. O'Sullivan T.J. and Junge E. 2001. The use of sonography in the follow-up care of a foot abscess in a female Asian elephant (Elephas maximus). In: Csuti B, Sargent EL and Bechert US (eds), The Elephant's Foot pp. 115-116. Iowa State University Press, Ames, Iowa, USA. 78. Schwammer H. 2001. From Artificial Insemination to Birth. A Case Study on African Elephants (Loxodonta africana). A Research Update on Elephants and Rhinos; Proceedings of the International Elephant and Rhino Research Symposium, Vienna, June 7-11, 2001, 2001, pp. 289-292. Schuling Verlag, Vienna, Austria. 79. Wyatt J. 2001. Elephant breeding soundness examination forms and database. In: Kirk Baer C and Wilmette MW (eds), Proceedings American Association of Zoo Veterinarians, American Association of Wildlife Veterinarians, Association of Reptilian and Amphibian Veterinarians, and the National Association of Zoo and Wildlife Veterinarians Joint Conference 2001, September, 1 A.D., pp. 396-400. AAZV, USA. 80. Brown J.L. 2000. Reproductive endocrine monitoring of elephants: an essential tool for assisting captive management.Zoo Biology 19: 347-367. 81. Doi O., Komatsumoto M., Terazono M. and Wada S. 2000. Exfoliative cytology in vaginal vestibule of female Asian elephants: relation to circulating progesterone concentrations.Zoological Science 17: 1303-1309. 82. Enoe C., Georgiadis M.P. and Johnson W.O. 2000. Estimation of sensitivity and specificty of diagnostic tests and disease prevalence when the true disease state is unknown.Preventive Veterinary Medicine 45: 61-81. 83. Fleming G.J. and Isaza R. 2000. Thermography evaluation of trunk paralysis in an Asian elephant (Elephas maximus) using digital thermography. Proc. AAZV and IAAAM Joint Conf., pp. 502-503. 84. Freeman K. 2000. Bone marrow evaluation. In: Feldman B, Zinkl JG and Jain NC (eds), Schalm's Veterinary Hematology pp. 29-32. Lippinicott, Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore, Maryland, USA. 85. Greiner M. and Gardner I. 2000. Epidemiologic issues in the validation of veterinary diagnostic tests.Preventive Veterinary Medicine 45: 3-22. 86. Hermes R., Olson D., Goritz F. et al. 2000. Ultrasonography of the estrous cycle in female African elephants (Loxodonta africana).Zoo Biology 19: 369-382. 87. Hildebrandt T.B., Hermes R., Pratt N.C. et al. 2000. Ultrasonography of the urogenital tract in elephants (Loxodonta africana and Elephas maximus): an important tool for assessing male reproductive function.Zoo Biology 19: 333-345. 88. Hildebrandt T.B., Goritz F., Pratt N.C. et al. 2000. Ultrasonography of the urogenital tract in elephants (Loxodonta africana and Elephas maximus): an important tool for assessing female reproductive function.Zoo Biology 19: 321-332. 89. Hittmair K.M. and Vielgrader H.D. 2000. Radiographic diagnosis of lameness in African elephants (Loxodonta Africana).Veterinary Radiology and Ultrasound 41: 511-515. 90. Larsen R.S., Salman M.D., Mikota S.K., Isaza R. and Triantis J. 2000. Validation and use of a multiple-antigen ELISA for detection of tuberculosis infections in elephants. Proc. AAZV and IAAAM Joint Conf., pp. 231-233. 91. Lyashchenko K., Singh M., Colangeli R. and Gennaro M.L. 2000. A multi-antigen print immunoassay for the development of serological diagnosis of infectious disease.Journal of Immunological Methods 242: 91-100. 92. Radcliffe R.M., Hendrickson D.A., Richardson G.L., Zuba J.R. and Radcliffe R.W. 2000. Considerations for laparoscopy in megavertebrates. Proceedings AAZV and IAAAM Joint Conference, pp. 81-82. 93. Tveden H. and Weiss D.J. 2000. Classification and laboratory evaluation of anemia. In: Feldman B, Zinkl JG and Jain NC (eds), Schalm's Veterinary Hematology pp. 143-15. Lippinicott, Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore, Maryland, USA. 94. Bhat M.N., Manickam R. and Ramkrishna J. 1999. Screening of captive wild animals for tuberculosis.Indian Veterinary Journal 76: 959-961. 95. Brown J.L., Hildebrandt T.B., Theison W. and Neiffer D.L. 1999. 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Office International des Epizooties (O.I.E.), Paris. 121. Briggs M., Phillips L.G., Kimball V.P. and Valli V.E. 1996. Bone marrow collection in the Asian elephant (Elephas maximus). Proceedings American Association of Zoo Veterinarians, pp. 431-433. 122. Dalovision J.R., Montenegro-James S., Kemmerly S.A. et al. 1996. Comparison of the amplified Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) direct test, aplicor MTB PCR and IS6, 110-PCR for detection of MTB in respiratory specimens.Clin.Infect.Dis. 23: 1099-1106. 123. Gardner I.A., Hietala S. and Boyce W.M. 1996. Validity of using serological tests for diagnosis of diseases in wild animals.Rev.Sci Tech.Off.Int.Epiz. 15: 323-335. 124. Hama N., Murata K., Yasuda S. et al. 1996. An autopsy case of an Asian elephant (Elephas maximus) which died without clinical signs.Japanese Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 1: 49-53. 125. Hildebrandt T., Goritz F., Pratt N.C. et al. 1996. Ultrasonography as a tool to evaluate the reproductive tract in female Asian elephants ultrasound in elephants.J.Ultras.Med 15: 59. 126. Sandin R.L. 1996. Polymerase chain reaction and other amplification techniques in mycobacteriology.Clinical Mycobacteriology 16: 617-639. 127. Sarma K.K., Kalita D., Dutta B. and Barua S.K. 1996. Determination of mean arterial pressure (MAP) in Asian elephant (Elephas maximus).Indian Veterinary Journal 73: 777-778. 128. Brown J.L., Wemmer C.M. and Lehnhardt J. 1995. Urinary Cortisol Analysis for Monitoring Adrenal Activity in Elephants.Zoo Biology 14: 533-542. 129. Hildebrandt T. and Goritz F. 1995. Sonographischer nachweis von leiomyomen im genitaltrakt weiblicher elefanten.verh.ber Erkrankg.Zootiere 37: 287-294. 130. Hildebrandt T.B. and Goritz F. 1995. Transrectal ultrasonography for ovary and pregnancy in Indian elephant. Verh ber Erkrg Zootiere, pp. 261-268. 131. Watve M.G. 1995. Helminth Parasites of Elephants: Ecological Aspects. 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