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Database Index Diseases, viral (The following additional keywords have been used to categorize articles within this section and may assist your search.) DO NOT USE "DISEASES" Use these terms only: African horse sickness, bluetongue, EEHV, encephalomyocarditis virus (EMC; EMCV), Foot and mouth disease, herpesvirus, influenza; papilloma virus, pox, rabies, rinderpest; virus, viral disease, West Nile
Elephant
Bibliographic
Database References Updated October 2007 1. Wellehan J.F., Johnson A.J., Childress A.L., Harr K.E. and Isaza R. 2007. Six novel gammaherpesviruses of Afrotheria provide insight into the early divergence of the Gammaherpesvirinae.Vet Microbiol 2007 Aug 19; [Epub ahead of print]. 2. 2006. Morphological features of the reproduction of cowpox virus strain EP-2 isolated from an elephant in primary fibroblast cultures and chorion-allantoic chick embryos.Vopr Virusol 51: 44-48. 3. Agnew D.W. 2006. Brain removal in charismatic mega-vertebrates: A not-so-charismatic chore. 2006 Proceedings American Association of Zoo Veterinarians. 4. Ehlers B., Dural G., Marschall M. et al. 2006. Endotheliotropic elephant herpesvirus, the first betaherpesvirus with a thymidine kinase gene.Journal of General Virology 87: 2781-2789. 5. Hildebrandt T.B., Hermes R., Ratanakorn P. et al. 2006. Ultrasonographic assessment and ultrasound-guided biopsy of the retropharyngeal lymph nodes in elephants. 2006 Proceedings American Association of Zoo Veterinarians, pp. 117-118. 6. Isaza R., Davis R.D., Moore S.M. and Briggs D.J. 2006. Results of vaccination of Asian elephants (Elephas maximus) with monovalent inactivated rabies vaccine.Am J Vet Res. 7. Reid C.E., Hildebrandt T.B., Marx N. et al. 2006. Endotheliotropic elephant herpes virus (EEHV) infection. The first PCR-confirmed fatal case in Asia.Vet Q 28: 61-64. 8. Sharam G., Sinclair A.R.E. and Turkington R. 2006. Establishment of broad-leaved thickets in Serengeti, Tanzania: The influence of fire, browsers, grass competition, and elephants.Biotropica 38: 599-605.
9.
Wellehan J.F.X., Johnson A.J. and Isaza R. 2006. Identification of two
novel herpesviruses associated with ocular inflammation in Asian
elephants (Elephas maximus). 10. Zuba J.R., Oosterhuis J.E. and Pessier A.P. 2006. The toenail "abscess" in elephants: treatment options including cryotherapy and pathologic similarities with equine proliferative pododermatitis (canker). 2006 Proceedings American Association of Zoo Veterinarians, pp. 187-190. 11. Hildebrandt T.B., Hermes R., Ratanakorn P. et al. 2005. Ultrasonographic assessment and ultrasound-guided biopsy of the retropharyngeal lymph nodes in Asian elephants (Elephas maximus).Vet Rec 157: 544-548. 12. Vinogradov I.V., Kochneva G.V., Malkova E.M., Shchelkunov S.N. and Riabchikova E.I. 2005. Intranasal infection in mice inoculated with cowpox virus strain EP-2 isolated from the elephant.Vopr Virusol 50: 37-42.
13.
Wise, D. J., Carter, G. R., and Flores, E. F. Laboratory Diagnosis of
Viral Infections. Carter, G. R., Wise, D. J., and Flores, E. F. A
Concise Review of Veterinary Virology. Ithaca: International Veterinary
Information Service (www.ivis.org), 2005; Document No.A3407.0305. 2005.
14.
Wise, D. J., Carter, G. R., and Flores, E. F. Laboratory diagnosis of
viral infections. 2005. 15. Musser J.M.B. 2004. A practitioner's primer on foot-and-mouth disease.Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 224: 1261. 16. Chakraborty A. 2003. Diseases of elephants (Elephas maximus) in India-A Review.Indian Wildlife Year Book 2: 74-82. 17. Fickel J., Liekfeldt D., Richman L.K. et al. 2003. Comparison of glycoprotein B (gB) variants of the elephant endotheliotropic herpesvirus (EEHV) isolated from Asian elephants (Elephas maximus).Vet Microbiol 91: 11-21. 18. Isaza R., Hunter R.P., Richman L.K. et al. 2003. Famciclovir pharmacokinetics in young Asian elephants (Elephas maximus). Proc. American Assoc. of Zoo Veterinarians, pp. 82-83. 19. Mahanta P.N. 2003. Health monitoring and common diseases in free ranging elephants. In: Das D (ed), Healthcare, Breeding and Management of Asian Elephants pp. 130-136. Project Elephant. Govt. of India, New Delhi. 20. Rahman T. 2003. Infectious and non-infectious disease of elephants. In: Das D (ed), Healthcare, Breeding and Management of Asian Elephants pp. 108-118. Project Elephant. Govt. of India, New Delhi. 21. Rehman A. 2003. Disease control program of elephants. In: Das D (ed), Healthcare, Breeding and Management of Asian Elephants pp. 152-156. Project Elephant. Govt. of India, New Delhi. 22. Schmitt D.L. 2003. Proboscidea (Elephants). In: Fowler ME and Miller RE (eds), Zoo and Wild Animal Medicine pp. 541-550. Elsevier Science USA. 23. Chandrasekharan K. 2002. Specific diseases of Asian elephants.Journal of Indian Veterinary Association Kerala 7: 31-34. 24. Essbauer S., Meyer H., Kaaden O.R. and Pfeffer M. 2002. Recent cases in the German poxvirus consulting laboratory.Revue de Medecine Veterinaire 153: 635-642. 25. Schaftenaar W. 2002. Use of vaccination against foot and mouth disease in zoo animals, endangered species and exceptionally valuable animals.Rev.sci.tech.Off.int.Epiz. 21: 613-623. 26. Burkhardt S., Goltz M., Bergmann V. et al. 2001. Genetic and ultrastructural characterization of a European isolate of the fatal endotheliotropic elephant herpesvirus.Journal of General Virology 82: 475-482. 27. Ehlers B., Burkhardt S., Goltz M. et al. 2001. Genetic and ultrastructural characterization of a European isolate of the fatal endotheliotropic elephant herpesvirus.J Gen Virol 82 (Pt 3): 475-482. 28. Fickel J., Richman L.K., Montali R. et al. 2001. A variant of the endotheliotropic herpesvirus in Asian elephants (Elephas maximus) in European zoos.Veterinary Microbiology 82: 103-109. 29. Greenwood A.D., Lee F., Capelli C. et al. 2001. Evolution of endogenous retrovirus-like elements of the woolly mammoth (Mammuthus primigenius) and its relatives.Mol Biol Evol 18: 840-870. 30. Hildebrandt T.B., Fickel J., Goritz F. et al. 2001. Survey on presence of the endotheliotropic elephant herpesvirus (EEHV) in Thai camp elephants. In: Kirk Baer C and Wilmette MW (eds), Proceedings American Association of Zoo Veterinarians, American Association of Wildlife Veterinarians, Association of Reptilian and Amphibian Veterinarians and the National Association of Zoo and Wildlife Veterinarians Joint Conference 2001, September 18, 2001-September 23, 2001, pp. 183-184. American Association of Zoo Veterinarians. 31. Hinke A. and Wipplinger J. 2001. A Severe Case of Pox Disease in Two Asian Elephants (Elephas maximus) of a Small Travelling Circus Overwintering Near Erfurt. A Research Update on Elephants and Rhinos; Proceedings of the International Elephant and Rhino Research Symposium, Vienna, June 7-11, 2001, 2001, pp. 53-56. Schuling Verlag, Vienna, Austria. 32. McLelland D., Kirkpatrick J.F., Rose K. and Dixon R. 2001. Studies on encephalomycarditis virus (EMCV) in a zoologic context. AAZV,AAWV,ARAV,NAZWV Joint Conf, p. 337. 33. Montali R.J., Richman L.K., Mikota S.K. et al. 2001. Management Aspects of Herpesvirus Infections and Tuberculosis in Elephants. A Research Update on Elephants and Rhinos; Proceedings of the International Elephant and Rhino Research Symposium, Vienna, June 7-11, 2001, 2001, pp. 87-95. Schuling Verlag, Vienna, Austria. 34. Ratanakorn P. 2001. Elephant Health Problems and Management in Cambodia, Lao and Thailand. A Research Update on Elephants and Rhinos; Proceedings of the International Elephant and Rhino Research Symposium, Vienna, June 7-11, 2001, 2001, pp. 111-114. Schuling Verlag, Vienna, Austria. 35. Richman L.K. and Montali R.J. 2001. Elephant herpesvirus infections. In: Williams ES and Barker IK (eds), Infectious Diseases of Wild Mammals, 3rd edition pp. 170-178. Iowa State University Press, Ames, Iowa, USA. 36. Ryan S.J. and Thompson S.D. 2001. Disease risk and inter-institutional transfer of specimens in cooperative breeding programs: Herpes and the elephant species survival plans.Zoo Biology 20: 89-101. 37. Schaftenaar W., Mensink J.M.C.H., Deboer A.M., Hildebrandt T.B. and Fickel J. 2001. Successful treatment of a subadult Asian elephant bull (Elephas maximus) infected with elephant herpes virus. Proc. of the International Symposium for diseases of Zoo and Wildlife Animals (Rotterdam), pp. 141-146. 38. Wisser J., Pilaski J., Strauss G. et al. 2001. Cowpox virus infection causing stillbirth in an Asian elephant (Elephas maximus).Veterinary Record 149: 244-246. 39. Calle P.P., Ludwig G.V., Smith J.F. et al. 2000. Clinical aspects of West Nile virus infection in a zoological collection. Proc. AAZV and IAAAM Joint Conf.. 40. Fickel J., Richman L.K., Reinsch A. et al. 2000. Survey on the occurrence of the endotheliotropic elephant herpesvirus (EEHV) in Asian (Elephas maximus) and African (Loxodonta africana) elephants in Europen zoos. European Association of Zoo and Wildlife Veterinarians Third Scientific Meeting, Paris, France, May 31-June 4, 2000.. 41. Lin Y.N. and Wong W.K. 2000. Sero-prevalence of Japanese Encephalitis virus in various species of animals in Singapore - a preliminary study.Singapore Journal of Primary Industries 28: 57-61. 42. Richman L.K., Montali R.J., Cambre R.C. et al. 2000. Clinical and pathological findings of a newly recognized disease of elephants caused by endotheliotropic herpesviruses.Journal of Wildlife Diseases 36: 1-12. 43. Richman L.K., Montali R.J. and Hayward G.S. 2000. Review of a newly recognized disease of elephants caused by endotheliotropic herpesviruses.Zoo Biology 19: 383-392. 44. Schmitt D.L., Hardy D.A., Montali R.J. et al. 2000. Use of famciclovir for the treatment of endotheliotrophic herpesvirus infections in Asian elephants (Elephas maximus).Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 31: 518-522. 45. Backues K.A., Hil M., Palmenberg C. et al. 1999. Genetically engineered Mengo virus vaccination of multiple captive wildlife species.Journal of Wildlife Diiseases 35: 384-387. 46. Barman N.N., Sarma D.K., Das S. and Patgiri G.P. 1999. Foot-and-mouth disease in wild and semi-domesticated animals of the north-eastern states of India.Indian Journal of Animal Sciences 69: 781-783. 47. Burkhardt S., Hentschke J., Weiler H. et al. 1999. Elephant herpes virus - a problem for breeding and housing of elephants.Berliner und Munchener Tierarztliche Wochenschrift. 112: 174-179. 48. Ferber D. 1999. Virus suspect identified in elephant deaths.Science 283: 1093-1094. 49. Kuntze A. 1999. Poxvirus infections in elephants. In: Fowler ME and Miller RE (eds), Zoo and Wild Animal Medicine: Current Therapy 4 pp. 547-550. W.B. Saunders, Philadelphia, PA, USA. 50. Meyer H., Schay C., Mahnel H. and Pfeffer M. 1999. Characterization of orthopoxviruses isolated from man and animals in Germany.Archives of Virology 144: 491-501. 51. Mikota S.K. 1999. Diseases of the Elephant: A Review.Verh.ber.Erkrg.Zootiere 39: 1-15. 52. Richman L.K., Montali R.J., Garber R.L. et al. 1999. Novel endotheliotropic herpesviruses fatal for Asian and African elephants.Science 283: 1171-1176. 53. Richman L.K., Montali R.J., Hildebrandt T. et al. 1999. Status of a new, fatal herpesvirus disease in elephants in North America and Europe. Verhandlangsbericht des 39 International Symposium uben Erkrankungen der Zoo und Wildtiere, Wien. 39:17-21. Verh.ber Erkrg. Zootiere 39, pp. 17-21. 54. Richman L.K., Montali R.J., Cambre R.C., Schmitt D. and Hardy D. 1999. Clinical and pathologic aspects of a fatal herpesvirus disease in Asian (Elephas maximus) and African (Loxodonta africana) elephants. Proceedings of the American Association of Zoo Veterinarians, October 9, 1999, pp. 263-266. 55. Wimalaratne O. and Kodikara D.S. 1999. First reported case of elephant rabies in Sri Lanka.Veterinary Record 144: 98. 56. Bhat M.N., Manickam R. and Aruni W. 1998. Detection of bluetongue antibody and antigen in Indian elephants, spotted deer and blackbucks.Indian Journal of Animal Sciences 68: 135. 57. Hunter P., Swanepoel S.P., Esterhuysen J.J. et al. 1998. The efficacy of an experimental oil-adjuvanted encephalomyocarditis vaccine in elephants, mice and pigs.Vaccine 16: 55-61. 58. Jacobson R.H. 1998. Validation of serological assays for diagnosis of infectious diseases.Rev.sci.tech.Off.int.Epiz. 17: 469-486. 59. Schmitt D.L. and Hardy D.A. 1998. Use of famciclovir for the treatment of herpesvirus in an Asian elephant.Journal of the Elephant Managers' Association 9: 103-104. 60. Wright P.F. 1998. International standrads for test methods and reference sera for diagnostic tests for antibody detection.Rev.sci.tech.Off.int.Epiz. 17: 527-533. 61. Backues K.A., Aguilar R.A., Hill M. and Palemberg A.C. 1997. A new modified live virus vaccine for encephalomyocarditis (EMC) virus protection, preliminary trials at the Audubon Zoo. Proc. Amer.Assoc. of Zoo Vet, pp. 166-167. 62. Barnard B.J.H. 1997. Antibodies against some viruses of domestic animals in southern African wild animals.Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Research 64: 95-110. 63. Bhat M.N., Manickam R. and Kumanan K. 1997. Serological evidence of bovine herpesviruses 1 and 2 in Asian elephants.Journal of Wildlife Diseases 33: 919-920. 64. Bhat M.N. and Manickam R. 1997. Foot and mouth disease virus infection associated (VIA) antibodies in wild herbivores.Indian Veterinary Journal 74: 827-820. 65. Bhat M.N. and Manickam R. 1997. Detection of rinderpest antibodies in elephants, spotted deer, and blackbucks.International Journal of Animal Sciences 12: 201-203. 66. Cambre R.C. and Buick W.W. 1996. Special challenges of maintaining wild animals in captivity in North America.Rev Sci Tech 15: 251-266. 67. Emerson C.L. and Wagner J.L. 1996. Antibody responses to two encephalomyocarditis virus vaccines in rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta).J Med Primatol 25: 42-45. 68. Osorio J.E., Hubbard G.B., Soike K.F. et al. 1996. Protection of non-murine mammals against encephalomyocarditis virus using a genetically engineered Mengo virus.Vaccine 14: 155-161. 69. Richman L.K., Montali R.J., Cambre R.C. et al. 1996. Endothelial inclusion body disease: a newly recognized fatal herpes-like infection in Asian elephants. Proceedings American Association of Zoo Veterinarians, pp. 483-486. 70. Barnard B.J.H., Bengis R.G., Keet D.F. and Dekker E.H. 1995. Epidemiology of African horsesickness: antibodies in free-living elephants (Loxodonta africana) and their response to experimental infection.Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Research 62: 271-275. 71. Chandrasekharan K., Radhakrishnan K., Cheeran J.V., Nair K.N.M. and Prabhakaran T. 1995. Review of the Incidence, Etiology and Control of Common Diseases of Asian Elephants with Special Reference to Kerala. In: Daniel JC (ed), A Week with Elephants; Proceedings of the International Seminar on Asian Elephants pp. 439-449. Bombay Natural History Society; Oxford University Press, Bombay, India. 72. Grobler D.G., Raath J.P., Braack L.E.O. et al. 1995. An outbreak of encephalomyocarditis-virus infection in free ranging African elephants in the Kruger National Park.Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Research 62: 97-108. 73. Raath J.P. and Bengis R.G. 1995. The evaluation of a vaccine against encephalomyocarditis infection in elephants (Loxodonta africana) under controlled conditions. Proceedings, American Association of Zoo Veterinarians, Wildlife Disease Association, American Association of Wildlife Veterinarians. Joint Conference, East Lansing, Michigan, August 12-17, 1995., pp. 304-308. 74. Formenty P., Domenech J., Lauginie F. et al. 1994. Epidemiological study of bluetongue in sheep, cattle and various wild animal species in the Cote d'Ivoire.Revue Scientifique et Technique Office International des Epizooties 13: 737-751. 75. Meiswinkel R. and Braack L.E.O. 1994. African horsesickness epidemiology: five species of Culicoides (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) collected live behind the ears and at the dung of the African elephant in the Kruger National Park, South Africa.Oderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Research 61: 155-170. 76. Meiswinkel R. 1994. Six species easily confused with Culicoides imicola in Africa: notes on their life histories. Foot and mouth disease, African horse sickness and contagious bovine pleuropneumonia: OIE Scientific Conference, Gaborone, Botswana, 20-23 April, 1994: summaries and conclusions, pp. 45-46. Office International des Epizooties, Paris; France. 77. Mikota S.K., Sargent E.L. and Ranglack G.S. 1994. Medical Management of the Elephant. Indira Publishing House, West Bloomfield MI, pp.1-298. 78. Sharma D.K., Islam S. and Hazarika A.K. 1994. Foot and mouth disease in a baby elephant (Elephas maximus).Indian Journal of Veterinary Pathology 18: 55-56. 79. Bengis R. 1993. Care of the African elephant Loxodonta africana in captivity. The capture and care manual : capture, care, accommodation and transportation of wild African animals pp. 506-511. Pretoria : Wildlife Decision Support Services : South African Veterinary Foundation, Pretoria. 80. Berry H.H. 1993. Surveillance and control of anthrax and rabies in wild herbivores and carnivores in Namibia.Revue Scientifique et Technique Office International des Epizooties 12: 137-146. 81. Ebedes H. 1993. The use of long-acting tranquilizers in captive wild animals. The capture and care manual : capture, care, accommodation and transportation of wild African animals Pretoria : Wildlife Decision Support Services : South African Veterinary Foundation, Pretoria. 82. Prins H.H.T. and Van-der-Jeugd H.P. 1993. Herbivore population crashes and woodland structure in East Africa.Journal of Ecology Oxford 81: 305-314. 83. Arora B.M. 1992. An overview of infectious diseases and neoplasms of the elephants (Elephas maximus) in India. In: Silas EG, Nair MK and Nirmalan G (eds), The Asian Elephant: Ecology, Biology, Diseases, Conservation and Management (Proceedings of the National Symposium on the Asian Elephant held at the Kerala Agricultural University, Trichur, India, January 1989) pp. 159-161. Kerala Agricultural University, Trichur, India. 84. Binepal V.S., Wariru B.N., Davies F.G., Soi R. and Olubayo R. 1992. An attempt to define the host range for African horse sickness virus (Orbivirus, Reoviridae) in east Africa, by a serological survey in some Equidae, Camelidae, Loxodontidae and Carnivore.Vet.Microbiol. 31: 19-23. 85. Chakraborty T. and Majumdar B.K. 1992. Foot and mouth disease in captive Indian elephant. In: Silas EG, Nair MK and Nirmalan G (eds), The Asian Elephant: Ecology, Biology, Diseases, Conservation and Management (Proceedings of the National Symposium on the Asian Elephant held at the Kerala Agricultural University, Trichur, India, January 1989) Kerala Agricultural University, Trichur, India. 86. Chandrasekharan K. 1992. Prevalence of infectious diseases in elephants in Kerala and their treatment. In: Silas EG, Nair MK and Nirmalan G (eds), The Asian Elephant: Ecology, Biology, Diseases, Conservation and Management (Proceedings of the National Symposium on the Asian Elephant held at the Kerala Agricultural University, Trichur, India, January 1989) pp. 148-155. Kerala Agricultural University, Trichur, India. 87. Jacoby F. 1992. Contribution to the epidemiology of cowpox virus in the Federal Republic of Germany. Fachbereich Veterinarmedizin, Justus-Liebig-Universitat, Giessen, Germany. 88. Kalanidhi A.P., Nagaish K., Palanissamy R. and Srinivasan V.A. 1992. Screening of Indian elephants, cattle and sheep for antibodies to foot and mouth disease virus-infection associated antigen.Indian Veterinary Journal 69: 390-393. 89. Pilaski J., Kulka D., Neuschulz N., Ippen R.ed. and Schroder H.D. 1992. Outbreak of pox among African elephants in Thuringer Zoo at Erfurt, Germany. Erkrankungen der Zootiere. Verhandlungsbericht des 34. Internationalen Symposiums uber die Erkrankungen der Zoo- und Wildtiere, Santander-Spain 1992, pp. 111-118. 90. Schroder H.D., Fischer M. and Ippen R.ed. 1992. Contribution to the occurrence of infection of zoo mammals with influenzavirus type A. Erkrankungen der Zootiere. Verhandlungsbericht des 34. Internationalen Symposiums uber die Erkrankungen der Zoo- und Wildtiere, Santander-Spain 1992., pp. 119-125. 91. Brahmasa A. 1991. Cryosurgery of cutaneous papilloma in two Asian elephants: a case report.Thai Journal of Veterinary Medicine 21: 151-159. 92. Maity P.K., Nandi B., Chatterjee U. et al. 1991. Foot and mouth disease transmitted to elephants (Elephas maximus) from infected cattle.Indian J Comp Micro Immunol Infect Dis 12: 68-78. 93. Chakraborty T. and Majumdar B.K. 1990. Foot and mouth disease in an elephant at Calcutta zoological garden: a case report.Indian Veterinary Medical Journal 14: 213-214. 94. Mehrotra M.L. and Shukla D.C. 1990. Seroprevalence, diagnosis and differential diagnosis of bluetongue virus disease in India.Indian Journal of Virology 6: 98-103. 95. Metzler A.E., Ossent P., Guscetti F., Rubel A. and Lang E.M. 1990. Serological evidence of herpesvirus infection in captive Asian elephants (Elephas maximus).Journal of Wildlife Diseases 26: 41-49. 96. Mushi E.Z., Hill F.W.G., Dawe P. and Riess R. 1990. Antibodies to bluetongue and African horse sickness viruses in the sera of elephants in Zimbabwe.Bulletin of Animal Health and Production in Africa 38: 475. 97. Ossent P., Guscetti F., Metzler A.E. et al. 1990. Acute and fatal herpesvirus infection in a young Asian elephant (Elephas maximus).Vet.Pathol. 27: 131-133. 98. Pade K., Ruedi D., Pilaski J., Heldstab A. and Muller M. 1990. Lethal outbreak of pox among five Asian elephants of a German travelling circus. Erkrankungen der Zootiere. Verhandlungsbericht des 32. Internationalen Symposiums uber die Erkrankungen der Zoo und Wildtiere vom 23. Mai bis 27. Mai 1990 in Eskilstuna, pp. 147-155. Akademie Verlag, Berlin, German Democratic Republic. 99. Pilaski J. 1990. Pox in European zoos.Foreign Animal Disease Report 18: 6-7. 100. Sironi G., Caniatti M. and Caniatti M. 1990. Immunohistochemical detection of papillomavirus structural antigens in animal hyperplastic and neoplastic epithelial lesions.Journal of Veterinary Medicine Series A 37: 760-770. 101. Hegel G.V., Hanichen T., Mahnel H. and Wiesner H. 1989. Warts (papilloma/sarcoid) in elephant.Erkrankungen der Zootiere 31: 201-205. 102. Kuntze A. 1989. Dermatopathies in elephants and their treatment.Kleintierpraxis 34: 405-415. 103. Pattnaik B. and Venkataramanan R. 1989. Detection of virus-infection-associated (VIA) antibody in serum of animals susceptible to foot-and-mouth-disease virus.Indian Journal of Animal Sciences 59: 356-357. 104. von Hegel G., Hanichen T., Mahnel H. and Wiesner H. 1989. Warts (papilloma/sarcoid) in two elephants. Erkrankungen der Zootiere. Verhandlungsbericht des 31. Internationalen Symposiums uber die Erkrankungen der Zoo- und Wildtiere, Dortmund 1989, pp. 201-205. Akademie-Verlag, Berlin, German Democratic Republic. 105. Wells S.K., Gutter A.E., Soike K.F. and Baskin G.B. 1989. Encephalomyocarditis virus: Epizootic in a zoological collection.Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 20: 291-296. 106. Gaskin J.M. 1988. Encephalomyocarditis: A potentially fatal virus infection of elephants. Proc.Ann.Elephant Workshop 9, pp. 133-136. 107. Pilaski J. and Rosen-Wolff A. 1988. Poxvirus infection in zoo-kept mammals. In: Darai G (ed), Virus Diseases in Laboratory and Captive Animals pp. 83-100. 108. Pilaski J., Hentscheke J., Sinn D. et al. 1988. Two virus diseases of different aetiology in Asian elephant (Elephas maximus) in samll traveling circus.Erkrankungen der Zootiere 30: 263-269. 109. Rahman H., Dutta P.K. and Dewan J.N. 1988. Foot and mouth disease in elephant (Elephas maximus).Zentralbl.Veterinarmed.[B]. 35: 70-71. 110. Gaskin J.M., Andresen T.L., Olsen J.H. et al. 1987. Encephalomyocarditis in zoo animals: Recent experiences with the disease and vaccination.Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Zoological and Avian Medicine: 491. 111. Pilaski J., Rosenbruch M., Gelderblom H., Olberding P. and Hagenbeck C. 1987. Herpes virus infectionin an Asian elephant (Elephas maximus).Erkrankungen der Zootiere 29: 179-184. 112. Rosen A., Pilaski J. and Darai G. 1987. Genomic characterization of a poxvirus isolated from a child.Med Microbiol Immunol (Berl) 176: 181-188. 113. Seaman J.T. and Finnie E.P. 1987. Acute myocarditis in a captive African elephant (Loxodonta africana).Journal of Wildlife Diseases 23: 170-171. 114. Jacobson E.R., Sundberg J.P., Gaskin J.M., Kollias G.V. and O'Banion M.K. 1986. Cutaneous papillomas associated with a herpesvirus-like infection in a herd of captive African elephants.Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 189: 1075-1078. 115. Munson L., Heuschele W., O'Banion M.K., Sundberg J.P. and Oosterhuis J.E. 1986. Polyp in the urogenital canal of an African elephant.Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 189: 1190-1191. 116. Pilaski J., Rosen A. and Darai G. 1986. Comparative analysis of the genomes of orthopoxviruses isolated from elephant, rhinoceros, and okapi by restriction enzymes. Brief report.Archives of Virology 88: 135-142. 117. Gopal T. and Rao B.U. 1984. Rabies in an Indian wild elephant calf.Indian Veterinary Journal 61: 82-83. 118. Pilaski J., Foster J.W., Matern B., Kloppel G. and Schaller K. 1984. Epidemiology of diseases similar to cowpox in zoo animals. Proc.Int.Symp.Dis.Zoo Anim., pp. 349-354. 119. Leach E. 1983. Vaginal virus in a mixed elephant herd. Proc.Ann.Elephant Workshop 4, pp. 79-80. 120. Wallach J.D. and Boever W.J. 1983. Perissodactyla (equids, tapirs, rhinos), Proboscidae (elephants), and Hippopotamidae (hippopotamus). In: Wallach JD and Boever WJ (eds), Diseases of exotic animals pp. 761-829. W.B. Saunders Company, Philadelphia. 121. Baxby D. 1982. The surface antigens of orthopoxviruses detected by cross-neutralization tests on cross-absorbed antisera.J Gen Virol 58 (Pt 2): 251-262. 122. Hedger R.S. 1981. Foot-and-mouth disease. In: Davis JW, Karstad LH and Trainer DO (eds), Infectious diseases of wild mammals The Iowa State University Press, Ames, Iowa. 123. Karstad L. 1981. Miscellaneous viral infections. 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