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Medicine, General

(The following additional keywords have been used to categorize articles within this section and may assist your search.)

age determination, anomaly, body condition, body weight, body temperature, epidemiology, geriatrics, growth and development, health care, heat regulation, identification technique, longevity, measurements, microchip, mortality, stress, multi-systemic disorder, pathology, shock, snake bite, thermal regulation, traditional medicine, trauma, zoonoses

Elephant Bibliographic Database
www.elephantcare.org

References Updated October 2007

     1.    Mikota S.K. 2008. Tuberculosis in elephants. In: Fowler ME and Miller RE (eds), Zoo and Wild Animal Medicine, Current Therapy 6th edition pp. 355-364. Saunders/Elsevier, St. Louis.

     2.    Aroch I., King R. and Baneth G. 2007. Hematology and serum biochemistry values of trapped, healthy, free-ranging rock hyraxes (Procavia capensis) and their association with age, sex, and gestational status.Vet Clin Pathol 36: 40-48.

     3.    Bradshaw G.A. and Schore A.N. 2007. How elephants are opening doors: Developmental neuroethology, attachment and social context.Ethology 113: 426-436.

     4.    Bulte E.H., Damania R. and Van Kooten G.C. 2007. The effects of one-off ivory sales on elephant mortality.Journal of Wildlife Management 71: 613-618.

     5.    Clauss M., Steinmetz H., Eulenberger U. et al. 2007. Observations on the length of the intestinal tract of African Loxodonta africana (Blumenbach 1797) and Asian elephants Elephas maximus (Linne 1735).European Journal of Wildlife Research 53: 68-72.

     6.    Dehnhard M. 2007. Characterisation of the sympathetic nervous system of Asian (Elephas maximus) and African (Loxodonta africana) elephants based on urinary catecholamine analyses.Gen Comp Endocrinol 151: 274-284.

     7.    Hildebrandt T., Drews B., Gaeth A.P. et al. 2007. Foetal age determination and development in elephants.Proc R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 274: 323-331.

     8.    Holdo R.M. 2007. Elephants, fire, and frost can determine community structure and composition in Kalahari Woodlands.Ecol Appl 17: 558-568.

     9.    Hollister-Smith J.A., Poole J.H., Archie E.A. et al. 2007. Age, musth and paternity success in wild maleAfrican elephants, Loxodonta africana.Animal Behaviour 74: 287-296.

   10.    Kinahan A.A., Inge-Moller R., Bateman P.W., Kotze A. and Scantlebury M. 2007. Body temperature daily rhythm adaptations in African savanna elephants (Loxodonta africana).Physiol Behav [Epub ahead of print.

   11.    Kinahan A.A., Pimma S.L. and van Aarde R.J. 2007. Ambient temperature as a determinant of landscape use in the savanna elephant, Loxodonta africana.Journal of Thermal Biology 32: 47-58.

   12.    Kusuda S., Wakimoto T., Nishimura K. et al. 2007. Relationship between body temperature and ovarian cycle in Asian and African elephants.J Reprod Dev Epub ahead of print].

   13.    Lacasse C., Terio K., Kinsel M.J. et al. 2007. Two cases of atypical mycobacteriosis caused by Mycobacterium szulgai associated with mortality in captive African elephants (Loxodonta africana).Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 38: 101-107.

   14.    Mahmood I. 2007. Application of allometric principles for the prediction of pharmacokinetics in human and veterinary drug development.Adv Drug Deliv Rev  2007 Aug 16; [Epub ahead of print].

   15.    Pan D. 2007. Hippo signaling in organ size control.Genes Dev 21: 886-897.

   16.    Teixeira C.P., Schetini de Azevedo C., Mendl M., Cipreste C.F. and Young R.J. 2007. Revisiting translocation and reintroduction programmes: the importance of considering stress.Animal Behaviour 73: 1-13.

   17.    Une Y. and Mori T. 2007. Tuberculosis as a zoonosis from a veterinary perspective.Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis Aug 13; [Epub ahead of print].

   18.    Wittemyer G., Rasmussen H.B. and Douglas-Hamilton I. 2007. Breeding phenology in relation to NDVI variability in free-ranging African elephant.Ecography 30: 42-50.

   19.    Agnew D.W. 2006. Brain removal in charismatic mega-vertebrates:  A not-so-charismatic chore.   2006 Proceedings American Association of Zoo Veterinarians.

   20.    Bertschinger H., Delsink A., Kirkpatrick J.F. et al. 2006. Management of elephant populations in private South African game reserves with porcine zona pellucida vaccine.   2006 Proceedings American Association of Zoo Veterinarians, pp. 283-285.

   21.    Drews B., Göritz F., Hermes R. et al. 2006. Morphological and ultrasonographic characterization of the embryonic development in elephants.  Proceedings International Elephant Conservation & Research Symposium., 2006, pp. 82-83.

   22.    Galanti V., Preatoni D., Martinoti A., Wauters L.A. and Tosi G. 2006. Space and habitat use of the African elephant in the Tarangire-Manyara ecosystem, Tanzania: Implications for conservation.Mammalian Biology 71: 99-114.

   23.    Gough K.F. and Kerley G.I.H. 2006. Demography and population dynamics in the elephants Loxodonta africana of Addo Elephant National Park, South Africa: Is there evidence of density dependent regulation?Oryx 40: 434-441.

   24.    Henderson D.M. 2006. Burly gaits: Centers of mass, stability, and the trackways of sauropod dinosaurs.Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 26: 907-921.

   25.    Hutchins M. 2006. Death at the Zoo: The Media, Science, and Reality.Zoo Biology 25: 101-115.

   26.    Hutchinson J.R., Schwerda D., Famini D.J. et al. 2006. The locomotor kinematics of Asian and African elephants: changes with speed and size.J Exp Biol 209 (Pt 19): 3812-3827.

   27.    Joubert D. 2006. Hunting behaviour of lions (Panthera leo) on elephants (Loxodonta africana) in the Chobe National Park, Botswana.African Journal of Ecology 44: 279-281.

   28.    Kilgallon C., Flach E., Boardman W. et al. 2006. Biochemical markers of bone in Asian elephants (Elephas maximus): a cross sectional analysis of two serum markers of bone formation and one serum marker of bone resorption. 
2006 Proceedings American Association of Zoo Veterinarians, pp. 183-184.

   29.    Larke A. and Crews D.E. 2006. Parental investment, late reproduction, and increased reserve capacity are associated with longevity in humans.J Physiol Anthropol 25: 119-131.

   30.    Reid C.E., Hildebrandt T.B., Marx N. et al. 2006. Endotheliotropic elephant herpes virus (EEHV) infection. The first PCR-confirmed fatal case in Asia.Vet Q 28: 61-64.

   31.    Rothschild B.M. and Martin L.D. 2006. Did ice-age bovids spread tuberculosis?Naturwissenschaften 93: 565-569.

   32.    Shakespeare A. and Strydom S. 2006. A method for determining the extent of thermal burns in elephants.J S Afr Vet Assoc 77: 70-74.

   33.    Shakespeare A., Steyl J. and Strydom S. 2006. Investigating the depth of thermal burns in elephants.Journal Of The South African Veterinary Association-Tydskrif Van Die Suid-Afrikaanse Veterinere Vereniging 77: 134-140.

   34.    Shannon G., Page B.R., Duffy K.J. and Slotow R. 2006. The consequences of body size dimorphism: Are African elephants sexually segregated at the habitat scale?Behaviour 143: 1145-1168.

   35.    Shannon G., Page B.R., Duffy K.J. and Slotow R. 2006. The role of foraging behaviour in the sexual segregation of the African elephant.Oecologia 150.

   36.    Sharam G., Sinclair A.R.E. and Turkington R. 2006. Establishment of broad-leaved thickets in Serengeti, Tanzania: The influence of fire, browsers, grass competition, and elephants.Biotropica 38: 599-605.

   37.    Shoshani J., Kupsky W.J. and Marchant G.H. 2006. Elephant brain. Part I: gross morphology, functions, comparative anatomy, and evolution.Brain Res Bull 70: 124-157.

   38.    Shrader A.M. and van Aarde R.J. 2006. Digital photogrammetry and laser rangefinder techniques to measure African elephants.South African Journal of Wildlife Research 36: 1-7.

   39.    Shrader A.M., McElveen M.E., Lee P.C., Moss C.J. and van Aarde R.J. 2006. Growth and age determination of African savanna elephants.Journal of Zoology, London 270: 40-48.

   40.    Siegal-Willott J., Isaza R., Johnson R. and Blaik M. 2006. Clinical evaluation of distal limb radiography and growth plate closure in the juvenile Asian elephant  (Elephas maximus). 
2006 Proceedings American Association of Zoo Veterinarians, pp. 181-182.

   41.    Singh R.R., Goyal S.P., Khanna P.P., Mukherjee P.K. and Sukumar R. 2006. Using morphometric and analytical techniques to characterize elephant ivory.Forensic Sci Int Epub.

   42.    Stremme C., Lubis A. and Wahyu M. 2006. Veterinary care for elephants used for clearings works in the devastated areas after the tsunami in Banda Aceh.  Proceedings International Elephant Conservation & Research Symposium., 2006, pp. 271-272.

   43.    Stremme C., Lubis A. and Wahyu M. 2006. Implementation of regular veterinary care for captive Sumatran elephants (Elephas maximus sumatranus) throughout north Sumatra and Aceh.  Proceedings International Elephant Conservation & Research Symposium, 2006, pp. 182-188.

   44.    Suedmeyer W.K. and Fine D. 2006. Indirect oscillometric blood pressure measurement in four African elephants (Loxodonta africana). 
2006 Proceedings American Association of Zoo Veterinarians, pp. 170-172.

   45.    Takahashi H., Yamashita M. and Shigehara N. 2006. Cranial photographs of mammals on the web: The Mammalian Crania Photographic Archive (MCPA2) and a comparison of bone image databases.Anthropological Science 114: 217-222.

   46.    Weissenböck N.M. 2006. How do elephants deal with various climate conditions? Previous results, recent data and new hypotheses.  Proceedings International Elephant Conservation & Research Symposium., 2006, pp. 217-224.

   47.    Weissengruber G.E., Fuss F.K., Egger G. et al. 2006. The elephant knee joint: morphological and biomechanical considerations.Journal of Anatomy 208: 59-72.

   48.    Wemmer C., Krishamurthy V., Shrestha S., Hayek L.A. and Thant M. 2006. Assessment of Body Condition in Asian Elephants (Elephas maximus).Zoo Biology 25: 187-200.

   49.    Agnew D.W., Hagey L. and Shoshani J. 2005. The elephants of Zoba Gash Barka, Eritrea: part 4. Cholelithiasis in a wild African elephant (Loxodonta africana).Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 36: 677-683.

   50.    Benz A. 2005. The elephant's hoof: macroscopic and microscopic morphology of defined locations under consideration of pathological changes.  Inaugural Dissertation Vetsuisse-Fakultät Universität Zürich.

   51.    Bertelsen M.F., Bojesen M. and Olsen K.E.P. 2005. Fatal enterocolitis in two Asian elephants (Elephas maximus) caused by Clostridium difficile.  2005 Proceedings AAZV, AAWV, AZA Nutrition Advisory Group, pp. 66-67.

   52.    Bonar C.J., Lewandowski A.H., Arafah B. and Capen C.C. 2005. Pheochromocytoma in an aged female African elephant (Loxodonta africana).Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 36: 719-723.

   53.    Deem S.L., Brown J.L., Eggert L. et al. 2005. Health and management of working elephants in Myanmar (Burma).  Procedings American Association of Zoo Veterinarians, pp. 228-231.

   54.    Gunther B., Morgado E. and Cocina M. 2005. [Homeostatic range of the oxidative metabolism: 60 years of integrative fisiometry].Rev Med Chil 133: 362-370.

   55.    Lacasse C., Gamble K.C., Terio K. et al. 2005. Mycobacterium szulgai osteoarthritis and pneumonia in an African elephant (Loxodonta Africana).  2005 Proceedings AAZV, AAWV, AZA Nutrition Advisory Group, pp. 170-172.

   56.    Larsen R.S., Kay M., Triantis J. and Salman M.D. 2005. Update on serological detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in Asian elephants.  2005 Proceedings AAZV, AAWV, AZA Nutrition Advisory Group, pp. 62-63.

   57.    Lyashchenko K., Miller M. and Waters W.R. 2005. Application of MAPIA (Multiple antigen print immunoassay) and rapid lateral flow technology for tuberculosis testing of elephants.  2005 Proceedings AAZV, AAWV, AZA Nutrition Advisory Group, pp. 64-65.

   58.    Morrison T.A., Chiyo P.I., Moss C.J. and Alberts S.C. 2005. Measures of dung bolus size for known-age African elephants (Loxodonta africana): implications for age estimation.Journal of Zoology 266: 89-94.

   59.    Panzer R. 2005. Traditional Chinese veterinary medical therapy. In: Colahan PT, Merritt AM, Moore JN and Mayhew IG (eds), Equine Medicine and Surgery pp. 201-208. Mosby, St. Louis MO USA.

   60.    Rasmussen H.B., Wittemyer G. and Douglas-Hamilton I. 2005. Estimating age of immobilized elephants from teeth impressions using dental silicon.African Journal of Ecology 43: 215-219.

   61.    Raubenheimer E.J. and Ngwenya S.P. 2005. The role of ivory in the survival of the African elephant.SADJ 60: 426, 430.

   62.    Slotow R., Garai M.E., Reilly B., Page B. and Carr R.D. 2005. Population dynamics of elephants re-introduced to small fenced reserves in South Africa.South African Journal of Wildlife Research 35: 23-32.

   63.    Soltis J., Leong K. and Savage A. 2005. African elephant vocal communication II: Rumble variation reflects the individual identity and emotional state of callers.Animal Behaviour 70: 589-599.

   64.    Speakman J.R. 2005. Body size, energy metabolism and lifespan.J Exp Biol 208: 1717-1730.

   65.    Wittemyer D., Daballen H., Rasmussen H., Kahindi O. and Douglas-Hamilton I. 2005. Demographic status of elephants in the Samburu and Buffalo Springs National Reserves, Kenya.African Journal of Ecology 43: 44-47.

   66.    Agnew D.W., Munson L. and Ramsay E.C. 2004. Cystic endometrial hyperplasia in elephants.Vet Pathol. 41: 179-183.

   67.    Boellaard J.W., Schlote W. and Hofer W. 2004. Species-specific ultrastructure of neuronal lipofuscin in hippocampus and neocortex of subhuman mammals and humans.Ultrastructural Pathology 28: 341-351.

   68.    Bradshaw I.G.A. 2004. Not by Bread Alone: Symbolic Loss, Trauma, and Recovery in Elephant Communities.Society And Animals 12: 143-158.

   69.    Brown J.L., Olson D., Keele M. and Freeman E.W. 2004. Survey of the reproductive cyclicity status of Asian and African elephants in North America.Zoo Biology 23: 309-321.

   70.    Brown J.L., Walker S.L. and Moeller T. 2004. Comparative endocrinology of cycling and non-cycling Asian (Elephas maximus) and African (Loxodonta africana) elephants.General and Comparative Endocrinology 136: 360-370.

   71.    Dangolia A., Silva I. and Kuruwita V.Y. 2004. Neuroleptanalgesia in wild Asian elephants (Elephas maximus maximus).Vet Anaesth Analg. 31: 276-279.

   72.    Dangolla A., Silva I. and Kuruwita V.Y. 2004. Neuroleptanalgesia in wild Asian elephants (Elephas maximus maximus).Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia 31: 276-279.

   73.    Elvin M. 2004. The Retreat of the Elephants: An Environmental History of China. Yale University Press, pp.1-547.

   74.    Gobbel L., Fischer M.S., Smith T.D., Wible J.R. and Bhatnagar K.P. 2004. The vomeronasal organ and associated structures of the fetal African elephant, Loxodonta africana (Proboscidea, Elephantidae).Acta Zoologica 85: 41-52.

   75.    Goheen J.R., Keesing F., Allan B.F., Ogada D.L. and Ostfeld R.S. 2004. Net effects of large mammals on Acacia seedling survival in an African Savanna.Ecology 85: 1555-1561.

   76.    Hoyer M.J., Kik M.J.L., Vestappen F.A.L.M. et al. 2004. Medical management of a geriatric bull elephant (Elaphas maximus)  with multiple problems, a case report.  2004 PROCEEDINGS AAZV, AAWV, WDA JOINT CONFERENCE, pp. 353-358.

   77.    Jones C.J., Wooding F.B., Mathias S.S. and Allen W.R. 2004. Fetomaternal glycosylation of early placentation events in the African elephant Loxodonta africana.Placenta 25: 308-320.

   78.    Kruse H., Kirkemo A.M. and Handeland K. 2004. Wildlife as source of zoonotic infections.Emerg Infect Dis 10: 2067-2072.

   79.    MacGregor S.D. and O'Connor T.G. 2004. Response of Acacia tortilis to utilization by elephants in a semi-arid African savanna.South African Journal of Wildlife Research 34: 55-56.

   80.    Osofsky S.A., Karesh W., Kock M.D., Kock R. and Cook R.A. 2004. Moving conservation ahead (animal health for the environment and development): Progress at the intersection of program and policy.  2004 PROCEEDINGS AAZV, AAWV, WDA JOINT CONFERENCE, pp. 406-407.

   81.    Priyadarshini S. 2004. Hastiayurveda - an ancient treatise on elephant health care.Science India 7: 79-81.

   82.    Richardson-Kageler S.J. 2004. Effects of large herbivore browsing on the functional groups of woody plants in a southern African savanna.Biodiversity and Conservation 13: 2145-2163.

   83.    Stringfield C.E., Oh P., Granich R. et al. 2004. Epidemiologic investigation of a Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection of multiple animal species in a metropolitan zoo.  2004 PROCEEDINGS AAZV, AAWV, WDA JOINT CONFERENCE, pp. 46-48.

   84.    Wiese R.J. and Willis K. 2004. Calculation of longevity and life expectancy in captive elephants.Zoo Biology 23: 365-373.

   85.    Wiseman R., Page B.R. and O'Connor T.G. 2004. Woody vegetation change in response to browsing in Ithala Game Reserve, South Africa.South African Journal of Wildlife Research 34: 25-37.

   86.    Xie H. 2004. How to use acupuncture for elephants.  The North American Veterinary Conference, pp. 1457-1458.

   87.     2003. The care of a geriatric elephant at the Birmingham Zoo.  EMA Conference 2003.

   88.     2003. Healthcare, Breeding and Management of Asian Elephants. Project Elephant. Govt. of India, New Delhi, pp.1-199.

   89.    Guidelines for the control of tuberculosis in elephants.  2003.
Ref Type: Electronic Citation

   90.    Agrawal D.K. and Singh J.L. 2003. Electrocution in an asiatic elephant (Elephas maximus) -- a case report.Indian Journal of Veterinary Medicine 23: 58.

   91.    Albrecht K., Breitmeier D., Fieguth A. and Troger H.D. 2003. Fatalities after injuries by wild animals.Arch Kriminol 212: 96-103.

   92.    Bechert U., Christensen J.M. and Finnegan M. 2003. Pharmacokinetics of orally administered ibuprofen in elephants.  Proc Amer Assoc Zoo Vet, pp. 84-85.

   93.    Chakraborty A. 2003. Nenatal mortality in elephants. In: Das D (ed), Healthcare, Breeding and Management of Asian Elephants pp. 119-122. Project Elephant. Govt. of India, New Delhi.

   94.    Chakraborty A. 2003. Necropsy of elephant. In: Das D (ed), Healthcare, Breeding and Management of Asian Elephants pp. 145-151. Project Elephant. Govt. of India, New Delhi.

   95.    Cheeran J.V. and Nair N.D. 2003. Techniques and Procedures for Post-Mortem of Elephants. Project Elephant and Central Zoo Authority, New Delhi India, pp.1-40.

   96.    Clauss M., Frey R., Kiefer B. et al. 2003. The maximum attainable body size of herbivorous mammals: morphophysiological constraints on foregut, and adaptations of hindgut fermenters.Oecologia 136: 14-27.

   97.    Cumming D.H. and Cumming G.S. 2003. Ungulate community structure and ecological processes: body size, hoof area and trampling in African savannas.Oecologia 134: 560-568.

   98.    Czekala N.M., MacDonald E.A., Steinman K. et al. 2003. Estrogen and LH dynamics during the follicular phase of the estrous cycle in the Asian elephant.Zoo Biology 22: 443-454.

   99.    Das D. 2003. Microchips (transponders) implantation in domesticated Asian elephants. In: Das D (ed), Healthcare, Breeding and Management of Asian Elephants pp. 28-31. Project Elephant. Govt. of India, New Delhi.

100.    Dehnhard M., Hatt J.M., Eulenberger K., Ochs A. and Strauss G. 2003. Headspace solid-phase microextraction (SPME) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) for the determination of 5alpha-androst-2-en-17-one and -17beta-ol in the female Asian elephant: application for reproductive monitoring and prediction of parturition.J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 84: 383-391.

101.    Easwaran K.R., Ravindran R. and Pillai K.M. 2003. Parasitic infections of some wild animals at Thekkady in Kerala.Zoos' Print Journal 18: 1030.

102.    Islam S. 2003. Parasitic disease of elephant. In: Das D (ed), Healthcare, Breeding and Management of Asian Elephants pp. 137-140. Project Elephant. Govt. of India, New Delhi.

103.    Kotoky P. 2003. Purchase of elephants for government departments and introduction to relevant government schemes. In: Das D (ed), Healthcare, Breeding and Management of Asian Elephants pp. 174-179. Project Elephant. Govt. of India, New Delhi.

104.    Mahanta P.N. 2003. Health monitoring and common diseases in free ranging elephants. In: Das D (ed), Healthcare, Breeding and Management of Asian Elephants pp. 130-136. Project Elephant. Govt. of India, New Delhi.

105.    Michel A.L., Venter L., Espie I.W. and Coetzee M.L. 2003. Mycobacterium tuberculosis infections in eight species at the National Zoological Gardens of South Africa, 1991-2001.Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 34: 364-370.

106.    Mikota S.K., Hammatt H. and Finnegan M. 2003. Occurrence and prevention of capture wounds in Sumatran elephants (Elephas maximus sumatranus).  Proc Amer Assoc Zoo Vet, pp. 291-293.

107.    Morgan B.J. and Lee P.C. 2003. Forest elephant (Loxodonta africana cyclotis) stature in the Reserve de Faune du Petit Loango, Gabon.Journal of Zoology 259: 337-344.

108.    Nalla R.K., Kinney J.H. and Ritchie R.O. 2003. Effect of orientation on the in vitro fracture toughness of dentin: the role of toughening mechanisms.Biomaterials 24: 3955-3968.

109.    Pavlik I., Ayele W.Y., Parmova I. et al. 2003. Mycobacterium tuberculosis in animal and human populations in six Central European countries during 1990-1999.Veterinarni Medicina 48: 83-89.

110.    Steenkamp G. 2003. Oral biology and disorders of tusked mammals.Veterinary Clin North Am Exot Anim Pract. 6: 689-725.

111.    Sukumar K. 2003. Asian elephants in zoos – a response to Rees.Oryx 37: 23-24.

112.    Talukdar B.N. 2003. Practices on welfare and prevention of cruelty: legal provisions related to elephant. In: Das D (ed), Healthcare, Breeding and Management of Asian Elephants pp. 180-190. Project Elephant. Govt. of India, New Delhi.

113.    Weissengruber G.E., Egerbacher M., Forstenpointner G. et al. 2003. Mechanisms of loss and repair in traumatically injured tusks of African elephants.  Erkrankungen-der-Zootiere:-Verhandlungsbericht-des-41.-Internationalen-Symposiums-uber-die-Erkrankungen-der-Zoo-und-Wildtiere, May 28, 2003, p. 425.

114.    West J.B., Fu Z., Gaeth A.P. and Short R.V. 2003. Fetal lung development in the elephant reflects the adaptations required for snorkeling in adult life.Respir Physiol Neurobiol 138: 325-333.

115.    Yamada M., Nakamura K., Nozaki H. and Tanaka H. 2003. Hepatocellular endoplasmic reticulum storage disease in an African elephant (Loxodonta africana).J Comp Pathol 128: 192-194.

116.    Yappert M.C., Rujoi M., Borchman D., Vorobyov I. and Estrada R. 2003. Glycero- versus sphingo-phospholipids: correlations with human and non-human mammalian lens growth.Exp Eye Res 76: 725-734.

117.    Ziccardi M., Wong H.N., Tell L.A. et al. 2003. Further optimization and validation of the antigen 85 immunoassay for diagnosing mycobacteriosis in wildlife.  Proc Amer Assoc Zoo Vet, pp. 219-220.

118.    Alexander K.A., Pleydell E., Williams M.C. et al. 2002. Mycobacterium tuberculosis: An Emerging Disease of Free-Ranging Wildlife.Emerging Infectious Diseases 8: 598-601.

119.    Azeez M.A. 2002. Elephant insurance.Journal of Indian Veterinary Association Kerala 7: 37.

120.    Bechert U.S. and Southern S. 2002. Monitoring Environmental Stress in African Elephants (Loxodonta africana) through Molecular Analysis of Stress-Activated Proteins. In: Baer CK (ed), Proceedings American Association of Zoo Veterinarians, pp. 249-253. Milwaukee, Wisconsin.

121.    Benkirane A. and de Alwis M.C.L. 2002. Haemorrhagic septicaemia, its significance, prevention and control in Asia.Vet.Med.-Czech 47: 234-240.

122.    Chandrasekharan K. 2002. Elephant - an overview.Journal of Indian Veterinary Association Kerala 7: 8-11.

123.    Cheeran J.V. 2002. Elephant facts.Journal of Indian Veterinary Association Kerala 7: 12-14.

124.    Delsink A.K., van Altena J.J., Kirkpatrick J., Grobler D. and Fayrer-Hosken R.A. 2002. Field applications of immunocontraception in African elephants (Loxodonta africana).Reprod Suppl 60: 117-124.

125.    Emanuelson K.A. and Agnew D.W. 2002. Wasting syndrome in a bull African elephant (Loxodonta africana).  Proc Amer Assoc Zoo Vet, pp. 142-145.

126.    Essbauer S., Meyer H., Kaaden O.R. and Pfeffer M. 2002. Recent cases in the German poxvirus consulting laboratory.Revue de Medecine Veterinaire 153: 635-642.

127.    Kim C.S., Won C.K., Cho G.H. et al. 2002. A case of fused thoracic vertebrae, and lumbar vertebrae, sacrum and ilium of African elephant (Loxodonta africana).Korean Journal of Veterinary Research 42: 131-136.

128.    Langman V.A., Rowe M., Maloney M., McQuire R. and Carrington R. 2002. Obligatory heterothermia a story of elephant radiators.  Proceedings of the Elephant Managers Association Conference, p. 136.

129.    Mikota S.K. and Maslow J. 2002. Epidemiology and Treatment of Tuberculosis in Elephants: 2002. In: Baer CK (ed), American Association of Zoo Veterinarians Annual Conference, 2002, pp. 384-387.

130.    Murali K. 2002. An introduction to Hastyayurveda.Journal of Indian Veterinary Association Kerala 7: 54,63-63.

131.    Naveen P.K. 2002. Homeopathy in elephant practice.Journal of Indian Veterinary Association Kerala 7: 52.

132.    Nayar K.N.M., Chandrasekharan K. and Radhakrishnan K. 2002. Management of surgical affections in captive elephants.Journal of Indian Veterinary Association Kerala 7: 55-59.

133.    Oh P., Granich R., Scott J. et al. 2002. Human exposure following Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection of multiple animal species in a Metropolitan Zoo.Emerg Infect Dis 8: 1290-1293.

134.    Payeur J.B., Jarnagin J.L., Marquardt J.G. and Whipple D.L. 2002. Mycobacterial isolations in captive elephants in the United States.Ann N Y Acad Sci 969: 256-258.

135.    Rafeek A.K. 2002. Human Elephant Conflict.Journal of Indian Veterinary Association Kerala 7: 47-48.

136.    Rees P.A. 2002. Asian elephants (Elephas maximus) dust bathe in response to an increase in environmental temperature.Journal of Thermal Biology 27: 353-358.

137.    Reilly J. 2002. Growth in the Sumatran elephant (Elephas maximus sumatranus) and age estimation based on dung diameter.J.Zool., Lond 258: 205-213.

138.    Singh V.N. 2002. Symptomatic study of haemorrhagic septicaemia in elephant in Mudumalai Wildlife Sanctuary, Tamil Nadu.Indian Forester 128: 1089-1100.

139.    Turenne C., Chedore P., Wolfe J. et al. 2002. Phenotypic and molecular characterization of clinical isolates of Mycobacterium elephantis from human specimens.J Clin Microbiol 40: 1230-1236.

140.    Vidya T.N. and Sukumar R. 2002. The effect of some ecological factors on the intestinal parasite loads of the Asian elephant (Elephas maximus) in southern India.J Biosci 27: 521-528.

141.    Vijayan N. and Nair N.D. 2002. Autopsy in elephants.Journal of Indian Veterinary Association Kerala 7: 53-51.

142.    White S.D. and Evans A.G. 2002. Hypersensitivity disorders. In: Smith BP (ed), Large Animal Internal Medicine pp. 1202-1207. Mosby, St.Louis.

143.    Woodford M.H., Keet D.F. and Bengis R.G. 2002. A guide to post-mortem procedure and a review of pathological processes identified in the elephant.  Post-mortem Procedures for Wildlife Veterinarians and Field Biologists pp. 36-47. IUCN.

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155.    Moss C.J. 2001. The demography of an African elephant (Loxodonta africana) population in Amboseli, Kenya.J.Zool., Lond. 255: 145-156.

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157.    Ratanakorn P. 2001. Elephant Health Problems and Management in Cambodia, Lao and Thailand.  A Research Update on Elephants and Rhinos; Proceedings of the International Elephant and Rhino Research Symposium, Vienna, June 7-11, 2001, 2001, pp. 111-114. Schuling Verlag, Vienna, Austria.

158.    Ryan S.J. and Thompson S.D. 2001. Disease risk and inter-institutional transfer of specimens in cooperative breeding programs: Herpes and the elephant species survival plans.Zoo Biology 20: 89-101.

159.    Saddler W. 2001. The Role of Nutrition and Its Possible Impact on Elephant Foot Care. In: Csuti B, Sargent EL and Bechert US (eds), The Elephant's Foot pp. 13-15. Iowa State University Press, Ames IA, USA.

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161.    Singer M.A. 2001. Of mice and men and elephants: metabolic rate sets glomerular filtration rate.Am J Kidney Dis 37: 164-178.

162.    Southern S. 2001. Molecular analysis of stress-activated proteins and genes in dolphins and whales: a new technique for monitoring environmental stress.  Proc AAZV and AAAM Joint Conference, pp. 240-242.

163.    Suresh K., Choudhuri P.C., Kumari K.N., Hafeez M. and Hamza P.A. 2001. Epidemiological and clinico-therapeutic studies of strongylosis in elephants.Zoos' Print Journal 16: 539-540.

164.    Toscano M.J., Friend T.H. and Nevill M.S. 2001. Environmental conditions and body temperature of circus elephants transported during relatively high and low temperature conditions.Journal of the Elephant Managers Association 12: 115-149.

165.    Weihs W., Weisz I., Wustenhagen A. and Kurt F. 2001. Body Growth and Food Intake in a Herd of Captive Asian Elephants in the Pinnawela Elephant Orphanage (Sri Lanka).  A Research Update on Elephants and Rhinos; Proceedings of the International Elephant and Rhino Research Symposium, Vienna, June 7-11, 2001, February, 1 A.D., pp. 141-145. Schuling Verlag, Vienna, Austria.

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170.    Burkholder W.J. 2000. Use of body condition scores in clinical assessment of the provision of optimal nutrition.Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 217: 650-654.

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