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Nutrition

(The following additional keywords have been used to categorize articles within this section and may assist your search.)

B complex, biotin, calcium diet, milk, nutrition, nutritional diseases, vitamin E

Elephant Bibliographic Database
www.elephantcare.org

References Updated October 2007

     1.    Carbone C., Teacher A. and Rowcliffe J.M. 2007. The Costs of Carnivory.PLoS Biol 5: 1-6.

     2.    Clauss M., Steinmetz H., Eulenberger U. et al. 2007. Observations on the length of the intestinal tract of African Loxodonta africana (Blumenbach 1797) and Asian elephants Elephas maximus (Linne 1735).European Journal of Wildlife Research 53: 68-72.

     3.    Clauss M., Streich W.J., Schwarm A., Ortmann S. and Hummel J. 2007. The relationship of food intake and ingesta passage predicts feeding ecology in two different megaherbivore groups.Oikos 116: 209-216.

     4.    Mills A. and Milewski A. 2007. Geophagy and nutrient supplementation in the Ngorongoro Conservation Area, Tanzania, with particular reference to selenium, cobalt and molybdenum.Journal of Zoology 271: 110-118.

     5.    Odadi W.O., Young T.P. and Okeyo-Owuor J.B. 2007. Effects of wildlife on cattle diets in Laikipia rangeland, Kenya.Rangeland Ecology and Management 60: 179-185.

     6.    Ruf, T., Valencak, T., Tataruch, F., and Arnold, W. Running Speed in Mammals Increases with Muscle n-6 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Content. PLoS ONE. 2006 Dec 20;1:e65. 2007.
Ref Type: Electronic Citation

     7.    Bojesen A.M., Olsen K.E. and Bertelsen M.F. 2006. Fatal enterocolitis in Asian elephants (Elephas maximus) caused by Clostridium difficile.Vet Microbiol Epub ahead of print.

     8.    Cerling T.E., Wittemyer G., Rasmussen H.B. et al. 2006. Stable isotopes in elephant hair document migration patterns and diet changes.Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 103: 371-373.

     9.    De Beer Y., Kilian W., Versfeld W. and van Aarde R.J. 2006. Elephants and low rainfall alter woody vegetation in Etosha National Park, Namibia.Journal of Arid Environments 64: 412-421.

   10.    Dreisewerd K., Kolbl S., Peter-Katalinic J., Berkenkamp S. and Pohlentz G. 2006. Analysis of native milk oligosaccharides directly from thin-layer chromatography plates by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization orthogonal-time-of-flight mass spectrometry with a glycerol matrix.J Am Soc Mass Spectrom 17: 139-150.

   11.    Graf P., Weissenboeck N. and Schwammer H.M. 2006. Hand-rearing of elephant calves: A comparison between common milk replacer regarding their physiological efficiency.  Proceedings International Elephant Conservation & Research Symposium., 2006, p. 252.

   12.    Holdo R.M. 2006. Tree growth in an African woodland savanna affected by disturbance.Journal Of Vegetation Science 17: 369-378.

   13.    Loveridge A.J., Hunt J.E., Murindagomo F. and Macdonald D.W. 2006. Influence of drought on predation of elephant (Loxodonta africana) calves by lions (Panthera leo) in an African wooded savannah.Journal of Zoology 270: 523-530.

   14.    Makhabu S.W., Skarpe C. and Hytteborn H. 2006. Elephant impact on shoot distribution on trees and on rebrowsing by smaller browsers.Acta Oecologica-International Journal of Ecology 30: 136-140.

   15.    Mtui D. and Owen-Smith N. 2006. Impact of elephants (Loxodonta africana) on woody plants in Malolotja Nature Reserve, Swaziland.African Journal of Ecology 44: 407-409.

   16.    Rode K.D., Chiyo P.I., Chapman C.A. and McDowell L.R. 2006. Nutritional ecology of elephants in Kibale National Park, Uganda, and its relationship with crop-raiding behaviour.Journal of Tropical Ecology.

   17.    Shannon G., Page B.R., Duffy K.J. and Slotow R. 2006. The role of foraging behaviour in the sexual segregation of the African elephant.Oecologia Epub.

   18.    Sharam G., Sinclair A.R.E. and Turkington R. 2006. Establishment of broad-leaved thickets in Serengeti, Tanzania: The influence of fire, browsers, grass competition, and elephants.Biotropica 38: 599-605.

   19.    Singh R.R., Goyal S.P., Khanna P.P., Mukherjee P.K. and Sukumar R. 2006. Using morphometric and analytical techniques to characterize elephant ivory.Forensic Sci Int Epub.

   20.    Uemura Y., Asakuma S., Yon L. et al. 2006. Structural determination of the oligosaccharides in the milk of an Asian elephant (Elephas maximus).Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology A- Molecular and Integrative Physiology 145: 468-478.

   21.    Williams M.F. 2006. Morphological evidence of marine adaptations in human kidneys.Med Hypotheses 66: 247-257.

   22.    Agnew D.W., Hagey L. and Shoshani J. 2005. The elephants of Zoba Gash Barka, Eritrea: part 4. Cholelithiasis in a wild African elephant (Loxodonta africana).Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 36: 677-683.

   23.    Andrews J., Mecklenborg A. and Bercovitch F.B. 2005. Milk intake and development in a newborn captive African elephant  (Loxodonta africana).Zoo Biology 24: 275-281.

   24.    Baxter P.W.J. and Getz W.M. 2005. A model-framed evaluation of elephant effects on tree and fire dynamics in African savannas.Ecological Applications 15: 1331-1341.

   25.    Benz A. 2005. The elephant's hoof: macroscopic and microscopic morphology of defined locations under consideration of pathological changes.  Inaugural Dissertation Vetsuisse-Fakultät Universität Zürich.

   26.    Deem S.L., Brown J.L., Eggert L. et al. 2005. Health and management of working elephants in Myanmar (Burma).  Procedings American Association of Zoo Veterinarians, pp. 228-231.

   27.    Osthoff G., De Waal H.O., Hugo A., de Wit M. and Botes P. 2005. Milk composition of a free-ranging African elephant (Loxodonta  africana) cow  during early lactation.Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology A- Molecular and Integrative Physiology 141: 223-229.

   28.    Pendlebury C., Odongo N.E., Renjifo A. et al. 2005. Acid-insoluble ash as a measure of dry matter digestibility in captive African elephants (Loxodonta africana).Zoo Biology 24: 261-265.

   29.    Perez-Barberia F.J. and Gordon I.J. 2005. Gregariousness increases brain size in ungulates.Oecologia 145: 41-52.

   30.    Sanchez C.R., Murray S.Z., Isaza R. and Papich M.G. 2005. Pharmacokinetics of a single dose of enrofloxacin administered orally to captive Asian elephants (Elephas maximus).Am J Vet Res 66: 1948-1953.

   31.    Slotow R., Garai M.E., Reilly B., Page B. and Carr R.D. 2005. Population dynamics of elephants re-introduced to small fenced reserves in South Africa.South African Journal of Wildlife Research 35: 23-32.

   32.    Steinheim G., Wegge P., Fjellstad J.I., Jnawali S.R. and Weladji R.B. 2005. Dry season diets and habitat use of sympatric Asian elephants (Elephas maximus) and greater one-horned rhinoceros (Rhinocerus unicornis) in Nepal.Journal of Zoology 265: 377-385.

   33.    Wooding F.B.P., Stewart F., Mathias S. and Allen W.R. 2005. Placentation in the African elephant, Loxodonta africanus: III. Ultrastructural and functional features of the placenta.Placenta 26: 449-470.

   34.     2004. Elephant Husbandry Resource Guide. International Elephant Foundation, Azle. TX, pp.1-280.

   35.    Cerling T.E., Passey B.H., Ayliffe L.K. et al. 2004. Orphans' tales: seasonal dietary changes in elephants from Tsavo National Park, Kenya.Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology 206: 367-376.

   36.    Goheen J.R., Keesing F., Allan B.F., Ogada D.L. and Ostfeld R.S. 2004. Net effects of large mammals on Acacia seedling survival in an African Savanna.Ecology 85: 1555-1561.

   37.    Holdo R.M. and McDowell L.R. 2004. Termite mounds as nutrient-rich food patches for elephants.Biotropica 36: 231-239.

   38.    Loveridge J.P. and Moe S.R. 2004. Termitaria as browsing hotspots for African megaherbivores in miombo woodland.Journal of Tropical Ecology 20: 337-343.

   39.    Madhusudan M.D. 2004. Recovery of wild large herbivores following livestock decline in a tropical Indian wildlife reserve.Journal of Applied Ecology 41: 858-869.

   40.    Paugy M., Baillon F., Chevalier D. and Duponnois R. 2004. Elephants as dispersal agents of mycorrhizal spores in Burkina Faso.African Journal of Ecology 42: 225-227.

   41.    Richardson-Kageler S.J. 2004. Effects of large herbivore browsing on the functional groups of woody plants in a southern African savanna.Biodiversity and Conservation 13: 2145-2163.

   42.    Sanchez C.R., Murray S., Montali R.J. and Spelman L.H. 2004. Diagnosis and treatment of presumptive pyelonephritis in an Asian elephant (Elephas maximus).J Zoo Wildl Med 35: 397-399.

   43.     2003. Healthcare, Breeding and Management of Asian Elephants. Project Elephant. Govt. of India, New Delhi, pp.1-199.

   44.    Baruah K.K. 2003. Nutritional requirements of elephants. In: Das D (ed), Healthcare, Breeding and Management of Asian Elephants pp. 74-82. Project Elephant. Govt. of India, New Delhi.

   45.    Clauss M., Loehlein W., Kienzle E. and Wiesner H. 2003. Studies on feed digestibilities in captive Asian elephants (Elephas maximus).J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 87: 160-173.

   46.    Clauss M., Frey R., Kiefer B. et al. 2003. The maximum attainable body size of herbivorous mammals: morphophysiological constraints on foregut, and adaptations of hindgut fermenters.Oecologia 136: 14-27.

   47.    Kajaysri J., Huayjunteuk S., Reunpech S., Thammakarn C. and et al. 2003. The condition of paper thin bone layer and fracture by metabolic bone disease in an orphan elephant.  Proceedings of 41st Kasetsart University Annual Conference, 3-7 February, 2003, pp. 508-515. Kasetsart University; Bangkok; Thailand.

   48.    Roychoudhury R. 2003. Feeding schedule for elephants of different age groups and jobs. In: Das D (ed), Healthcare, Breeding and Management of Asian Elephants pp. 83-93. Project Elephant. Govt. of India, New Delhi.

   49.    Sarma N.K. 2003. Neonatal care, weaning and hand rearing of orphan elephant calves. In: Das D (ed), Healthcare, Breeding and Management of Asian Elephants pp. 67-69. Project Elephant. Govt. of India, New Delhi.

   50.    Ben-Shahar R. and Macdonald D.W. 2002. The role of soil factors and leaf protein in the utilization of mopane plants by elephants in northern Botswana.BMC Ecol 15: 3.

   51.    Cheeran J.V. 2002. Elephant facts.Journal of Indian Veterinary Association Kerala 7: 12-14.

   52.    Gage L.J. 2002. Hand-rearing wild and domestic mammals. Iowa State Press, Ames, Iowa, USA, pp.1-279.

   53.    Holdo R.M., Dudley J.P., McDowell L.R. and (Lungka G. 2002. Geophagy in the African elephant in relation to availibility of dietary sodium.Journal of Mammalogy 83: 652-664.

   54.    Mercy A.D. 2002. Feeding of Elephant.Journal of Indian Veterinary Association Kerala 7: 18-20.

   55.    Milroy A.J.W. 2002. A.J.W. Milroy's Management of Elephants in Captivity. Natraj Publishers, Dehra Dun, New Delhi, India, pp.1-160.

   56.    Barina A., Reidl M., Schmid L. et al. 2001. Development of an Interactive Elephant Feeding System (EFS).  A Research Update on Elephants and Rhinos; Proceedings of the International Elephant and Rhino Research Symposium, Vienna, June 7-11, 2001, 2001, pp. 246-249. Schuling Verlag, Vienna, Austria.

   57.    Buckely C. 2001. Captive Elephant Foot Care: Natural Habitat Husbandry Techniques. In: Csuti B, Sargent EL and Bechert US (eds), The Elephant's Foot pp. 53-55. Iowa State University Press, Ames, Iowa, USA.

   58.    Clauss M. and Ghebremeskel K. 2001. N-6 and n-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in the Nutrition of Wild Animals.  A Research Update on Elephants and Rhinos; Proceedings of the International Elephant and Rhino Research Symposium, Vienna, June 7-11, 2001, 2001, pp. 252-253. Schuling Verlag, Vienna, Austria.

   59.    Clauss M. 2001. Tannins in the Nutrition of Wild Animals.  A Research Update on Elephants and Rhinos; Proceedings of the International Elephant and Rhino Research Symposium, Vienna, June 7-11, 2001, 2001, p. 251. Schuling Verlag, Vienna, Austria.

   60.    Ganslober U. 2001. Behavioural Ecology, Social Relationships, Life History and Evolutionary Constraints in Megaherbivores.  A Research Update on Elephants and Rhinos; Proceedings of the International Elephant and Rhino Research Symposium, Vienna, June 7-11, 2001, 2001, pp. 26-31. Schuling Verlag, Vienna, Austria.

   61.    Houston D.C., Gilardi J.D. and Hall A.J. 2001. Soil consumption by elephants might help to minimize the toxic effects of plant secondary compounds in forest browse.Mammal Review. 31: 249-254.

   62.    Kenny D.E. 2001. Long-term administration of α-Tocopherol in captive Asian elephants (Elephas maximus).Zoo Biology 20: 245-250.

   63.    Loehlein W., Kienzle E., Wiesner H. and Clauss M. 2001. Investigations on the Use of Chromium Oxide as an Inert, External Marker in Captive Asian Elephants (Elephas maximus): Passage and Recovery Rates.  A Research Update on Elephants and Rhinos; Proceedings of the International Elephant and Rhino Research Symposium, Vienna, June 7-11, 2001, 2001, p. 250. Schuling Verlag, Vienna, Austria.

   64.    Saddler W. 2001. The Role of Nutrition and Its Possible Impact on Elephant Foot Care. In: Csuti B, Sargent EL and Bechert US (eds), The Elephant's Foot pp. 13-15. Iowa State University Press, Ames IA, USA.

   65.    Urashima T., Saito T., Nakamura T. and Messer M. 2001. Oligosaccharides of milk and colostrum in non-human mammals.Glycoconj J 18: 357-371.

   66.    Weihs W., Weisz I., Wustenhagen A. and Kurt F. 2001. Body Growth and Food Intake in a Herd of Captive Asian Elephants in the Pinnawela Elephant Orphanage (Sri Lanka).  A Research Update on Elephants and Rhinos; Proceedings of the International Elephant and Rhino Research Symposium, Vienna, June 7-11, 2001, February, 1 A.D., pp. 141-145. Schuling Verlag, Vienna, Austria.

   67.    Burkholder W.J. 2000. Use of body condition scores in clinical assessment of the provision of optimal nutrition.Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 217: 650-654.

   68.    Gage L.J. and Blasko D. 2000. Husbandry and Medical Considerations for Geriatric Elephants.  Elephants: Cultural, Behavioral, and Ecological Perspectives; Program and Abstracts of the Workshop, 2000, pp. 9-10. Davis, CA.

   69.    Jnawali S.R., Wegge P. and Raut Y. 2000. Importance of tall grasslands in megaherbivore conservation. In: Richard C, Basnet K and Sah JP (eds), Grassland Ecology and Management in Protected Areas of Nepal. Proceedings of a Workshop, Royal Bardia National Park, Thakurdwara, Bardia, Nepal, 15-19-March,1999. Volume 2: Terai Protected Areas pp. 84-91. International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development, Kathmandu; Nepal.

   70.    Milewski A. 2000. Iodine as a Possible Controlling Nutrient for Elephant Populations.Pachyderm 28: 78-90.

   71.    Stokke S. and du Toit J.T. 2000. Sex and size related differences in the dry season feeding patterns of elephants in Chobe national park, Botswana.Ecography 23: 70-80.

   72.    Theuerkauf J., Waitkuwait W.E., Guiro Y., Ellenberg H. and Porembski S. 2000. Diet of forest elephants and their role in seed dispersal in the Bossematie Forest Reserve, Ivory Coast.Mammalia 64: 447-460.

   73.    Dudley J.P. 1999. Seed dispersal of Acacia erioloba by African bush elephants in Hwange National Park, Zimbabwe.African Journal of Ecology 37: 375-385.

   74.    Karunaratne S.H.P.P. and Ranawana K.B. 1999. A preliminary study on feeding activity patterns and budgets of domesticated elephants (Elephas maximus maximus) in Sri Lanka.Ceylon Journal of Science, Biological Sciences 27: 61-65.

   75.    Kunz C., Rudloff S., Schad W. and Braun D. 1999. Lactose-derived oligosaccharides in the milk of elephants: comparison with human milk.Br J Nutr 82: 391-399.

   76.    Morimura N. and Ueno Y. 1999. Influences on the feeding behavior of three mammals in the Maruyama Zoo: bears, elephants, and chimpanzees.J.Appl.Anim.Welf.Sci. 2: 169-186.

   77.    Sarmah B.C., Kalita D.J. and Pathak S.C. 1999. Mineral status of elephant.Indian Veterinary Journal 76: 661-662.

   78.    Savage A., Leong K.M., Grobler D. et al. 1999. Circulating levels of alpha-tocopherol and retinol in free-ranging African elephants (Loxodonta africana).Zoo Biology 18: 319-323.

   79.    Karunaratne S.H.P.P. and Ranawana K.B. 1998. A preliminary study of the food preference of domesticated elephants (Elephas maximus L) in Sri Lanka.Ceylon Journal of Science, Biological Sciences 25: 58-64.

   80.    Paley R.G.T. and Kerley G.I.H. 1998. The winter diet of elephant in Eastern Cape Subtropical Thicket, Addo Elephant National Park.Koedoe 41: 37-45.

   81.    Sarwar G., Botting H.G., Davis T.A., Darling P. and Pencharz P.B. 1998. Free amino acids in milks of human subjects, other primates and non-primates.Br J Nutr 79: 129-131.

   82.    Shrestha S.P., Ullrey D.E., Bernard J.B., Wemmer C. and Kraemer D.C. 1998. Plasma vitamin E and other analyte levels in Nepalese camp elephants (Elephas maximus). Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 29: 269-278.

   83.    Welsch U., Feuerhake F., van Aarde R., Buchheim W. and Patton S. 1998. Histo- and cytophysiology of the lactating mammary gland of the African elephant(Loxodonta africana).Cell Tissue Res 294: 485-501.

   84.    Cheeran J.V., Nagaraj B.N. and Animom M.M. 1997. Preliminary studies on mineral supplements for Asian elephants.Tigerpaper 24: 18-20.

   85.    Mircean M., Giurgiu G., Oros A., Kadar L. and Ghergariu S. 1997. Complex osteodystrophy in an orphan Indian elephant.Revista Romana de Medicina Veterinara 7: 191-199.

   86.    Roy A. and Krift I.J.J. 1997. Milk replacer for Asian and African elephant calves.  Proceedings of the 18th Annual EMA Workshop, Fort Worth Zoological Park, pp. 43-49. Fort Worth, TX.

   87.    Stuart R.L. 1997. Vitamin E Supplementation in the Elephant.  The Elephant Managers Association Proceedings of the 18th Annual EMA Workshop, Fort Worth Zoological Park, Fort Worth Texas, November 1-4, 1997, 1997, pp. 50-53.

   88.    Ullrey, D. E., Crissey, S. D., and Hintz, H. F. Elephants: Nutrition and Dietary Husbandry: Nutrition Advisory Group Handbook Fact Sheet 004 September 1997. Nutrition Advisory Group Handbook , 1-18. 1997.
Ref Type: Electronic Citation

   89.    Kurt F. and Schmid J. 1996. A comparison of feeding behaviour and body weight in Asian elephants (Elephas maximus).  First International Symposium on Physiology and Ethology of Wild and Zoo Animals.

   90.    Meissner H., vanNiekerk W., Grant R., Schultheiss W. and West N.E. 1996. Monitoring food selection and nutritive status of game species to aid range management decisions in game reserves.  Rangelands in a sustainable biosphere. Proceedings of the Fifth International Rangeland Congress, 1995, p. 358. Society for Range Management, Denver; USA.

   91.    Mosley J. 1996. Hand-Rearing a Captive-Born Asian Elephant (Elephas maximus): (I) A Study of Physical Development as a Response to the Rearing Regime, and (ii) Social Interactions. In: Spooner NG and Sharp K (eds), The Ninth UK Elephant Workshop, 1996, pp. 36-65. The North of England Zoological Society, England.

   92.    Murray S., Bush M. and Tell L.A. 1996. Medical management of postpartum problems in an Asian elephant (Elephas maximus) cow and calf.Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 27: 255-258.

   93.    Parrott J.J. 1996. Analysis of African elephant mature milk in early lactation and formulation of an elephant calf milk replacer.  Proc Amer Assoc Zoo Vet, pp. 102-111.

   94.    Plumptre A.J. 1996. Modelling the impact of large herbivores on the food supply of mountain gorillas and implications for management.Biological Conservation.1996, 75: 2, 147-155; 32 75: 147-155.

   95.    Schaftenaar W. 1996. Vaginal vestibulotomy in an Asian elephant (Elephas maximus).  Proceedings American Association of Zoo Veterinarians, pp. 434-439.

   96.    Warren K., Bolton J., Swan R., Gaynor W. and Pond L. 1996. Treatment of gastrointestinal tract impaction of a 2-year-old Asian elephant (Elephas maximus).Australian Veterinary Journal 73: 37-38.

   97.     1995. A Week with Elephants; Proceedings of the International Seminar on Asian Elephants. Bombay Natural History Society; Oxford University Press, Bombay, India, pp.1-535.

   98.    Cheeran J.V., Chandrasekharan K. and Radhakrishnan K. 1995. Principles and Practice of Fixing Dose of Drugs for Elephants. In: Daniel JC (ed), A Week with Elephants; Proceedings of the International Seminar on Asian Elephants pp. 430-438. Bombay Natural History Society; Oxford University Press, Bombay, India.

   99.    Coetzee H.L., Kotze S.H. and Lourens N. 1995. Characterization of mucus glycoproteins in the intestinal mucosa of the African elephant (Loxodonta africana) following lectin histochemistry.Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Research 62: 187-192.

100.    Khan A. 1995. Elephant Conservation Unit: Linking Two Elephant Populations in North-Western India. In: Daniel JC (ed), A Week with Elephants; Proceedings of the International Seminar on Asian Elephants pp. 162-176. Bombay Natural History Society; Oxford University Press, Bombay, India.

101.    Krishnamurthy V. and Wemmer C. 1995. Timber Elephant Management in the Madras Presidency of India (1844-1947). In: Daniel JC (ed), A Week with Elephants; Proceedings of the International Seminar on Asian Elephants pp. 456-472. Bombay Natural History Society; Oxford University Press, Bombay, India.

102.    Mukhtar A.S. 1995. Nutrient value of elephant (Elephas maximus sumatraensis) forages in the elephant training centre at Lampung.Buletin Penelitian Hutan, No.589: 55-65.

103.    Sivaganesan N. and Kumar A. 1995. Status of Feral Elephants in Andamans. In: Daniel JC (ed), A Week with Elephants; Proceedings of the International Seminar on Asian Elephants pp. 97-119. Bombay Natural History Society; Oxford University Press, Bombay, India.

104.    Sivaganesan N. and Johnsingh A.J.T. 1995. Food Resources Crucial to the Wild Elephants in Mudumalai Wildlife Sanctuary, South India. In: Daniel JC (ed), A Week with Elephants; Proceedings of the International Seminar on Asian Elephants pp. 405-423. Bombay Natural History Society; Oxford University Press, Bombay, India.

105.    Sukumar R. and Ramesh R. 1995. Elephant Foraging: Is Browse or Grass More Important? In: Daniel JC (ed), A Week with Elephants; Proceedings of the International Seminar on Asian Elephants pp. 368-374. Bombay Natural History Society; Oxford University Press, Bombay, India.

106.    Williams L.M. and Williams T. 1995. Please pass up the salt. Sandridge, Bloomington, Ind.USA.

107.    Brown J.L., Schoeneman H.M., Raath J.P., de Vos V. and Bush M. 1994. Serum concentrations of cationic minerals in free-ranging elephants (Loxodonta africana) in the Kruger National Park.Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 25: 495-499.

108.    Davis T.A., Davis T.A., Garcia-Bravo R.  et al. 1994. Amino acid composition of human milk is not unique.J Nutr 124: 1126-1132.

109.    Dierenfeld E.S. 1994. Vitamin E in exotics: effects, evaluation and ecology.Journal of Nutrition. 124: 2579S-2581S.

110.    Ensley P.K., Osborn K., Bissonette S. and Deftos L.J. 1994. Osteodystrophy in an orphan Asian elephant (Elephas maximus).   Proceedings American Association of Zoo Veterinarians, pp. 142-143.

111.    Mainka S.A., Cooper R.M., Black S.R. and Dierenfeld E.S. 1994. Asian Elephant (Elephas maximus) milk composition during the first 280 days of lactation.Zoo Biology 13: 389-393.

112.    Mikota S.K., Sargent E.L. and Ranglack G.S. 1994. Medical Management of the Elephant. Indira Publishing House, West Bloomfield MI, pp.1-298.

113.    Sadler W.C., Hopkins D.T., Miller R.E. et al. 1994. Vitamin E forms for elephants.   Proceedings American Association of Zoo Veterinarians, pp. 360-370.

114.    Sukumar R. 1994. Elephant Days and Nights: Ten Years with the Indian Elephant. Oxford University Press, New Delhi, pp.1-184.

115.    White L.J.T. 1994. Sacoglottis gabonensis fruiting and the seasonal movements of elephants in the Lope Reserve, Gabon.Journal of Tropical Ecology 10(pt1): 121-125.

116.    Bechert U. 1993. Elephant nutrition.Animal Keepers' Forum 20: 139-140.

117.    Bengis R. 1993. Care of the African elephant Loxodonta africana in captivity.  The capture and care manual : capture, care, accommodation and transportation of wild African animals pp. 506-511. Pretoria : Wildlife Decision Support Services : South African Veterinary  Foundation, Pretoria.

118.    Dierenfeld, E. S. Elephant nutrition research update.  SSP report.  1993. Wheeling, WV, USA, American Association of Zoological Parks and Aquariums.
Ref Type: Report

119.    Dierenfeld E.S. and Traber M.G. 1993. Vitamin E status of exotic animals compared with livestock and domestics. In: Packer L and Fuchs J (eds), Vitamin E in health and disease pp. 345-370. Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York.

120.    Ebedes H. 1993. The use of long-acting tranquilizers in captive wild animals.  The capture and care manual : capture, care, accommodation and transportation of wild African animals Pretoria : Wildlife Decision Support Services : South African Veterinary  Foundation, Pretoria.

121.    Kabigumila J. 1993. Feeding habits of elephants in Ngorongoro Crater, Tanzania.African Journal of Ecology 31: 156-164.

122.    Kock M.D., Martin R.B. and Kock N. 1993. Chemical immobilization of free-ranging African elephants (Loxodonta africana) in Zimbabwe, using etorphine (M99) mixed with hyaluronidase, and evaluation of biological data collected soon after immobilization.Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 24: 1-10.

123.    Mandal L. and Chakraborthy N. 1993. Chemical compositions of some vegetable and fruit peels as feed for livestock.Indian Veterinary Journal 70: 1067-1068.

124.    Nath N.C., Hussain A. and Rahman F. 1993. Milk characteristics of a captive Indian rhinoceros (Rhinoceros unicornis).Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 24: 528-533.

125.    Rietkerk F.E., Hiddingh H. and Van Dijk S. 1993. Hand-rearing an Asian elephant Elephas maximus at the Noorder Zoo, Emmen.Iowa State University Veterinarian 32: 244-252.

126.    Tchamba M.N. and Seme P.M. 1993. Diet and feeding behaviour of the forest elephant in the Santchou Reserve, Cameroon.African Journal of Ecology 31: 165-171.

127.    Tuchili L.M., Pandey G.S., Sinyangwe P.G. and Kaji T. 1993. Anthrax in cattle, wildlife and humans in Zambia.Veterinary Record 132: 487.

128.    White L.J.T., Tutin C.E.G. and Fernandez M. 1993. Group composition and diet of forest elephants, Loxodonta africana cyclotis Matschie 1900, in the Lope Reserve, Gabon.African Journal of Ecology 31: 181-199.

129.    Ananthasubramaniam C.R. 1992. Some aspects of elephant nutrition. In: Silas EG, Nair MK and Nirmalan G (eds), The Asian Elephant: Ecology, Biology, Diseases, Conservation and Management (Proceedings of the National Symposium on the Asian Elephant held at the Kerala Agricultural University, Trichur, India, January 1989) pp. 86-90. Kerala Agricultural University, Trichur, India.

130.    Chakraborty A. and Chaudhury B. 1992. Pathology of Fasciola jacksoni infestation in elephants.Indian Journal of Veterinary Pathology 16: 98-101.

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