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1. Brown J.L., Somerville M., Riddle H.S. et al. 2007. Comparative endocrinology of testicular, adrenal and thyroid function in captive Asian and African elephant bulls.General and Comparative Endocrinology 151: 153-162.

2. Dehnhard M. 2007. Characterisation of the sympathetic nervous system of Asian (Elephas maximus) and African (Loxodonta africana) elephants based on urinary catecholamine analyses.Gen Comp Endocrinol 151: 274-284.

3. Bagley K.R., Goodwin T.E., Rasmussen L.E.L. and Schulte B.A. 2006. Male African elephants, Loxodonta africana, can distinguish oestrous status via urinary signals.Animal Behaviour 71: 1445.

4. Goodwin T.E., Eggert M.S., House S.J. et al. 2006. Insect pheromones and precursors in female African elephant urine.J Chem Ecol Epub ahead of print.

5. Wiedner E., Alleman R. and Isaza R. 2006. Urinalysis in Asian elephants (Elephas maximus).
2006 Proceedings American Association of Zoo Veterinarians, p. 265.

6. Williams M.F. 2006. Morphological evidence of marine adaptations in human kidneys.Med Hypotheses 66: 247-257.

7. Ganswindt A., Rasmssen H.B., Heistermann M. and Hodges J.K. 2005. The sexually active states of free-ranging male African elephants (Loxodonta africana): defining musth and non-musth using endocrinology, physical signals, and behavior.Horm Behav 47: 83-91.

8. Ganswindt A., Heistermann M. and Hodges K. 2005. Physical, physiological, and behavioral correlates of musth in captive African elephants (Loxodonta africana).Physiological and Biochemical Zoology 78: 505-514.

9. Rasmussen L.E.L., Krishamurthy V. and Sakumar R. 2005. Behavioural and chemical confirmation of the preovulatory pheromone, (Z)-7-dodecenyl acetate, in wild Asian elephants: its relationship to musth.Behaviour 142: 351-396.

10. Steinetz B.G., Brown J.L., Roth T.L. and Czekala N. 2005. Relaxin concentrations in serum and urine of endangered species.Ann.N.Y.Acad.Sci. 1041: 367-378.

11. Brown J.L., Olson D., Keele M. and Freeman E.W. 2004. Survey of the reproductive cyclicity status of Asian and African elephants in North America.Zoo Biology 23: 309-321.

12. Brown J.L., Goritz F., Pratt-Hawkes N. et al. 2004. Successful artificial insemination of an Asian elephant at the National Zoological Park.Zoo Biology 23: 45-63.

13. Lazar J., Rasmussen L.E.L., Greenwood D.R., Bang I.-S. and Prestwich G.D. 2004. Elephant albumin: A multipurpose pheromone shuttle.Chemistry and Biology 11: 1093-1100.

14. Leal W.S. 2004. Pheromone unwrapping by pH flip-flopping.Chem Biol 11: 1029-1031.

15. Sanchez C.R., Murray S., Montali R.J. and Spelman L.H. 2004. Diagnosis and treatment of presumptive pyelonephritis in an Asian elephant (Elephas maximus).J Zoo Wildl Med 35: 397-399.

16. Suarez R.K., Darveau C.-A. and Childress J.J. 2004. Metabolic scaling: a many-splendoured thing.Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology 139: 531-541.

17. Czekala N.M., MacDonald E.A., Steinman K. et al. 2003. Estrogen and LH dynamics during the follicular phase of the estrous cycle in the Asian elephant.Zoo Biology 22: 443-454.

18. Davis, B. L., Dill, W. M., Hicks, A. R., Goodwin, T. E., Hollister-Smith, J., and Alberts, S. C. Use of SPME and GC-MS for chemical analysis of urine from African elephants in musth. Abstracts Of Papers Of The American Chemical Society 225(614-CHED Part 1 MAR 2003). 2003.
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19. Dill, W. M., Davis, B. L., Hicks, A. R., Goodwin, T. E., Rasmussen, L. E. L., Loizi, H., and Schulte, B. A. Chemical analysis of preovulatory female African elephant urine: A search for putative pheromones. Abstracts Of Papers Of The American Chemical Society 225(409-CHED Part I Mar 2003). 2003.
Ref Type: Abstract

20. Pothiwong W., Kamonrat P. and Uthaichotiwan P. 2003. A morphological study and diagnotic ultrasonography of Asian elephant kidney.Thai Journal of Veterinary Medicine 33: 79-88.

21. Pucher H.E., Stremme C. and Schwarzenberger F. 2003. Priapism in a semiwild Asian elephant (Elephas maximus) in Vietnam.Vet Rec 153: 717-718.

22. Endo H., Akihisa N., Sasaki M., Yamamoto M. and Arishima K. 2002. The renal structure in an Asian elephant (Elephas maximus).Anat Histol Embryol 31: 269-272.

23. Rasmussen L.E. and Wittemyer G. 2002. Chemosignalling of musth by individual wild African elephants (Loxodonta africana): implications for conservation and management.Proc R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 269: 853-860.

24. Sanchez C.R., Murray S.Z., Montali R.J. and Spelman L.H. 2002. Medical Management of Acute Pylelonephritis in an Asian Elephant. In: Baer CK (ed), American Association of Zoo Veterinarians Annual Conference, 2002, pp. 162-164.

25. Singh V.N. 2002. Symptomatic study of haemorrhagic septicaemia in elephant in Mudumalai Wildlife Sanctuary, Tamil Nadu.Indian Forester 128: 1089-1100.

26. Dehnhard M., Hesitermann M., Goritz F. et al. 2001. Demonstration of 2-unsaturated C19-steroids in the urine of female Asian elephants, Elephas maximus, and their dependence on ovarian activity.Reproduction-Cambridge 121: 475-484.

27. Ganswindt A., Heistermann M., Borragan S. and Hodges J.K. 2001. Assessment of testicular endocrine function in captive African elephants by measurement of urinary and fecal androgens.Zoo Biology 21: 27-36.

28. Rasmussen L.E.L. and Krishnamurthy V. 2001. Urinary, temporal gland and breath odors from Asian elephants of Mudumalai National Park.Gajah 20: 1-7.

29. Rasmussen L.E.L. 2001. Source and cyclic release pattern of (Z)-7-dodecenyl acetate, the pre-ovulatory pheromone of the female Asian elephant.Chemical Senses 26: 611-623.

30. Schmid J., Heistermann M., Ganslosser U. and Hodges J.K. 2001. Introduction of foreign female Asian elephants (Elephas maximus) into an existing group: behavioural reactions and changes in cortisol levels.Animal-Welfare 10: 357-372.

31. Singer M.A. 2001. Of mice and men and elephants: metabolic rate sets glomerular filtration rate.Am J Kidney Dis 37: 164-178.

32. Bielecki W., Sobczak-Filipiak M., Pietrak M., Goslawski J. and Blaszczak B. 2000. A case of nephritis in an elephant.Zycie-Weterynaryjne 75: 197-199.

33. Lazar J., Prestwich G.D. and Rasmussen L.E.L. 2000. Urinary and trunk mucus protein carriers of (Z)-dodecenyl acetate, the sex pheromone of the Asian elephant.Chemical Senses 25: 603.

34. Malik M.R., Shrivastav A.B., Jain N.K. and Vaish R. 2000. Morphometry of kidney of elephant.Indian Journal of Veterinary Anatomy 12: 101-102.

35. Malik M.R., Shrivastava A.B., Jain V.K. and Rakhi V. 2000. Lobar pattern of kidneys of elephant.Indian Journal of Veterinary Anatomy 12: 18-22.

36. Singer M.A. and Morton A.R. 2000. Mouse to elephant: biological scaling and Kt/V.Am J Kidney Dis 36: 306-309.

37. 1999. Equine Medicine and Surgery. Mosby, St. Louis MO USA, pp.1-2076.

38. Fies M., Heistermann M. and Hodges J.K. 1999. Patterns of urinary and fecal steroid excretion during the ovarian cycle and pregnancy in the African elephant (Loxodonta africana).Gen Comp Endocrinol 115: 76-89.

39. Gaeth A.P., Short R.V. and Renfree M.B. 1999. The developing renal, reproductive, and respiratory systems of the African elephant suggest an aquatic ancestry.Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 96: 5555-5558.

40. Gual-Sill F., Pickard A.R., Holt W.V. and Green D. 1999. Preliminary Results of Non-Invasive Monitoring of the Estrous Cycle in Female Asian Elephants (Elephas maximus) through Fecal Steroid Analysis. 1999 Proceedings American Association of Zoo Veterinarians, 1999, pp. 87-92.

41. Rasmussen L.E.L. and Schulte B.A. 1999. Ecological and biochemical constraints on pheromonal signaling systems in Asian elephants and their evolutionary implications. In: Johnston RE, Muller-Schwarze D and Sorenson PW (eds), Advances in Chemical Communication in Vertebrates 8 pp. 49-62. Kluwer/Academic/ Plenum Press.

42. Rasmussen L.E.L. and Perrin T.E. 1999. Physiological correlates of musth: lipid metabolites and chemical composition of exudates.Physiology and Behavior 67: 539-549.

43. Rasmussen L.E.L. 1999. Evolution of chemical signals in the Asian elephant, Elephas maximus: behavioural and ecological influences.Journal of Biosciences 24: 241-251.

44. Schulte B.A. and Rasmussen L.E. 1999. Signal-receiver interplay in the communication of male condition by Asian elephants.Animal Behaviour 57: 1265-1274.

45. Wrench A., Kock N.D., Gordon S.J.G., Turner A.D. and Fries D.S. 1999. Investigation of selected plants as possible causes of flaccid trunk paralysis in free-ranging elephants (Loxodonta africana) in Zimbabwe.Zimbabwe Veterinary Journal 30: 93-97.

46. Hodges J.K. 1998. Endocrinology of the ovarian cycle and pregnancy in the Asian (Elephas maximus) and African (Loxodonta africana) elephant.Animal Reproduction Science 53: 3-18.

47. Rasmussen B. 1998. The Chemical Identification of a Preovulatory Pheromone: A Reproductive Chemosignal from Female to Male Asian Elephants.Journal of the Elephant Managers Association 7: 52-56.

48. 1997. Laboratory Procedures for Veterinary Technicians. Mosby, St. Louis MO, pp.1-660.

49. Heisterman M., Trohorsch B. and Hodges J.K. 1997. Assessment of ovarian function in the African elephant (Loxodonta africana) by measurement of 5a-reduced progesterone metabolites in serum and urine. Zoo Biology 16: 273-284.

50. Niemuller C., Shaw H.J. and Hodges J.K. 1997. Pregnancy determination in the Asian elephant (Elephas maximus): A change in the plasma progesterone to 17a hydroxyprogesterone ratio.Zoo Biology 16: 415-426.

51. Kirkpatrick J.F., Turner J.W., Jr., Liu I.K. and Fayrer-Hosken R. 1996. Applications of pig zona pellucida immunocontraception to wildlife fertility
control.J Reprod Fertil Suppl 50: 183-189.

52. Murray S., Bush M. and Tell L.A. 1996. Medical management of postpartum problems in an Asian elephant (Elephas maximus) cow and calf.Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 27: 255-258.

53. Rasmussen L.E.L., Lee T.D., Roelofs W.L., Zhang A. and Daves G.D. 1996. Insect pheromone in elephants.Nature 379: 1.

54. Brown J.L., Wemmer C.M. and Lehnhardt J. 1995. Urinary Cortisol Analysis for Monitoring Adrenal Activity in Elephants.Zoo Biology 14: 533-542.

55. Brown J.L. and Lehnhardt J. 1995. Serum and urinary hormones during pregnancy and the peri- and postpartum period in an Asian elephant (Elephas maximus).Zoo Biology 14: 555-564.

56. Maluf N.S.R. 1995. Kidney of elephants.Anatomical Record 242: 491-514.

57. 1994. Veterinary Laboratory Medicine. Iowa State University Press, Ames, IA, pp.1-300.

58. Lodwick L.J., Dubach J.M., Phillips L.G., Brown C.S. and Jandreski M.A. 1994. Pharmacokinetics of amikacin in African elephants (Loxodonta africana).Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 25: 367-375.

59. Plouzeau E., daCunha S. and Shaw H.J. 1994. The ovarian cycle in Asian and African elephants (Elephas maximus and Loxodonta africana). Techniques for the monitoring of female fertility in captivity.Revue de Medecine Veterinaire 145: 905-911.

60. Wallace, C., Byron, T. H., Foerner, J. J., Weston, H., Kilpatrick, J., and Jastremski, M. S. Clinical case report: the medical management and treatment of a 36 year old premiparturient Asian elephant cow with a dystocia and following a Caesarian section. 1994.
Ref Type: Unpublished Work

61. Niemuller C.A., Shaw H.J. and Hodges J.K. 1993. Non-invasive monitoring of ovarian function in Asian elephants (Elephas maximus) by measurement of urinary 5beta-pregnanetriol.Journal of Reproduction and Fertility 99: 617-625.

62. Okewole P.A., Oyetunde I.L., Irokanulo E.A. et al. 1993. Anthrax and cowdriosis in an African elephant (Loxodonta africana).Veterinary Record 133: 168.

63. Turczynski C.J. 1993. The endocrinology of musth in the male Asiatic elephant (Elephas maximus): Serum estradiol, serum LH and serum, fecal and urinary testosterone. PhD Texas A&M University, College Station, TX. USA.

64. Czekala N.M., Roocroft A., Bates M., Allen J. and Lasley B.L. 1992. Estrogen metabolism in the Asian elephant (Elephas maximus).Zoo Biology 11: 75-80.

65. Hagenbeck D. 1992. Attempts to monitor oestrus and pregnancy in Indian elephants by urine testing. Tierarztliche Hochschule Hannover, Hannover, Germany.

66. Chakraborty A., Islam S., Gogoi A.R. and Chaudhury B. 1991. A note on clinical examination of elephants in Manas Tiger Project and Kaziranga National Park in Assam.Zoos' Print Journal November.

67. 1990. The story of Babe, the Asian elephant.Veterinary Viewpoints 2.

68. Diaz-Samayoa-de-Aguirre L. 1990. Sex hormones in blood plasma, urine and faeces from female and male Indian elephants. Tierarztliche Hochschule, Hannover, Germany.

69. Mainka S.A. and Lothrop C.D., Jr. 1990. Reproductive and hormonal changes during the estrous cycle and pregnancy in Asian elephants.Zoo Biology 9: 411-419.

70. Brannian J.D., Griffin F. and Terranova P.F. 1989. Urinary androstenedione and luteinizing hormone concentrations during musth in a mature African elephant.Zoo Biology 8: 165-170.

71. Czekala, N. M., Roocroft, A., and Bates, M. Estrogen metabolism in the Asian elephant (Elephas maximus). Biology of Reproduction 40(suppl.1), 119. 1989.
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72. Dahl, K. D., Czekala, N. M., and Hsueh, A. J. W. Measurement of urinary bioactive follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) levels during reproductive cycles in diverse mammalian species. Biology of Reproduction 40(suppl.1), 119. 1989.
Ref Type: Abstract

73. Morris P.J., Held J.P. and Jensen J.M. 1987. Clinical pathologic features of chronic renal failure in an African elephant (Loxodonta africana). Proc.1st.Intl.Conf.Zool.Avian Med., pp. 468-472.

74. Taylor-Robinson D., Furr P.M., Tully J.G., Barile M.F. and Moller B.R. 1987. Animal models of Mycoplasma genitalium urogenital infections.Israel Journal of Medical Sciences 23: 561-564.

75. Jensen J. 1986. Paralumbar kidney biopsy in a juvenile African elephant. Proc.Am.Assoc.Zoo Vet., p. 17.

76. Kahl V.A.L. 1986. The study of the reproductive cycle of the African elephant (Loxodonta africana) through correlation of behavior and cytology with serum and urinary hormonal patterns. Masters University of Nebraska, Nebraska, Omaha, USA.

77. Munson L., Heuschele W., O'Banion M.K., Sundberg J.P. and Oosterhuis J.E. 1986. Polyp in the urogenital canal of an African elephant.Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 189: 1190-1191.

78. Poole J.H., Kasman L.H., Ramsay E.C. and Lasley B.L. 1984. Musth and urinary testosterone concentrations in the African elephant (Loxodonta africana).Journal of Reproduction and Fertility 70: 255-260.

79. Rasmussen L.E., Schmidt M.J., Henneous R., Groves D. and Daves G.D.Jr. 1982. Asian bull elephants: flehmen-like responses to extractable components in female elephant estrous urine.Science 217: 159-162.

80. Ramsay E.C., Lasley B.L. and Stabenfeldt G.H. 1981. Monitoring the estrous cycle of the Asian elephant (Elephas maximus), using urinary estrogens.American Journal of Veterinary Research 42: 256-260.

81. Nirmalan G. 1979. Physiological peculiarties of elephants. State Level Workshop on Elephants, pp. 21-24. College of Veterinary and Animal Sicences, Kerala Agricultural University, India.

82. Fujimoto E., Koto N., Imori T. and Nakama S. 1971. Gonadotropin in the urine of a pregnant Indian elephant -- a case report.Zoologica 55: 73.

83. McCullagh K.G. 1969. The growth and nutrition of the African elephant I. Seasonal variations in the rate of growth and the urinary excretion of hydroxyproline.East African Wildlife Journal 7: 85-90.

84. Orbanyi J. and Stohl G. 1962. The urine of the elephant.UNKNOWN: 321-328.

85. Evans G.H. 1961. Elephants and Their Diseases: A Treatise on Elephants. Government Printing, Rangoon, Burma, pp.1-323.

86. Simon K.J. 1959. Further studies on the urine of elephants.Indian Veterinary Journal 36: 209-212.

87. Simon K.J. 1958. A preliminary study of the urine of elephants.Indian Veterinary Journal 35: 345.

88. Schulte T.L. 1937. The genito-urinary system of the Elephas indicus male.American Journal of Anatomy 61: 131-157.

89. Eales N. 1929. The anatomy of a foetal African elephant, Elephas africanas (Loxodonta africana). Part III. The contents of the thorax and abdomen, and the skeleton.Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 56, part I: 203-246.

90. Evans G.H. 1910. Elephants and Their Diseases: A Treatise on Elephants. Government Printing, Rangoon, Burma.

91. Paterson A.M. 1898. The genito-urinary organs of the female Indian elephant.Journal of Anatomy and Physiology 12: 582-604.

92. Miall L.C. and Greenwood F. 1879. The anatomy of the Indian elephant. Part III alimentary canal and its appendages.Journal of Anatomy and Physiology 13: 17-50.

93. Watson M. 1872. Contributions to the anatomy of the Indian elephant (Elephas indicus), Part II. Urinary and generative organs.Journal of Anatomy and Physiology 7: 60-74.

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