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Reproduction

(The following additional keywords have been used to categorize articles within this section and may assist your search.)

abortion, artificial insemination, c-section, carbon monoxide, contraception, cytology, dystocia; estadiol cypionate, estrogen, estrous cycle, fetus, FSH, gender determination, immunocontraception, inter-calving interval, LH, leuprolide acetate, mammary gland, mastitis, mating, musth, oxytocin, parturition, pregnancy, progesterone, progestin, prolactin, relaxin, reproduction, semen, stillbirth, testosterone, uterine fibroids, vasectomy

Elephant Bibliographic Database
www.elephantcare.org

References Updated October 2007

     1.    Archie E.A., Hollister-Smith J.A., Poole J.H. et al. 2007. Behavioural inbreeding avoidance in wild African elephants.Molecular Ecology 16: 4138-4148.

     2.    Aroch I., King R. and Baneth G. 2007. Hematology and serum biochemistry values of trapped, healthy, free-ranging rock hyraxes (Procavia capensis) and their association with age, sex, and gestational status.Vet Clin Pathol 36: 40-48.

     3.    Brown J.L., Somerville M., Riddle H.S. et al. 2007. Comparative endocrinology of testicular, adrenal and thyroid function in captive Asian and African elephant bulls.General and Comparative Endocrinology 151: 153-162.

     4.    Duer C., Carden M. and Tomasi T. 2007. Detection of fetal gender differences in maternal serum progesterone concentrations of Asian elephants (Elephas maximus).Animal Reproduction Science 97: 278-283.

     5.    Hildebrandt T., Drews B., Gaeth A.P. et al. 2007. Foetal age determination and development in elephants.Proc R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 274: 323-331.

     6.    Hollister-Smith J.A., Poole J.H., Archie E.A. et al. 2007. Age, musth and paternity success in wild maleAfrican elephants, Loxodonta africana.Animal Behaviour 74: 287-296.

     7.    Kusuda S., Wakimoto T., Nishimura K. et al. 2007. Relationship between body temperature and ovarian cycle in Asian and African elephants.J Reprod Dev Epub ahead of print].

     8.    Portas T., Bryant B., Goritz F. et al. 2007. Semen collection in an Asian elephant (Elephas maximus) under combined physical and chemical restraint.Aust Vet J 85: 425-427.

     9.    Smit I.P.J., Grant C.C. and Whyte I.J. 2007. Landscape-scale sexual segregation in the dry season distribution and resource utilization of elephants in Kruger National Park, South Africa.Diversity And Distributions 13: 225-236.

   10.    Wittemyer G., Rasmussen H.B. and Douglas-Hamilton I. 2007. Breeding phenology in relation to NDVI variability in free-ranging African elephant.Ecography 30: 42-50.

   11.    Wittemyer G., Ganswindt A. and Hodges K. 2007. The impact of ecological variability on the reproductive endocrinology of wild female African elephants.Hormones and Behavior 51: 346-354.

   12.    Yon L., Kanchanapangka S., Chaiyabutr N.  et al. 2007. ACTH stimulation in four Asian bull elephants (Elephas maximus): an investigation of androgen sources in bull elephants.Gen Comp Endocrinol 151: 246-251.

   13.    Yon L., Kanchanapangka S., Chaiyabutr N.  et al. 2007. A longitudinal study of LH, gonadal and adrenal steroids in four intact Asian bull elephants (Elephas maximus) and one castrate African bull (Loxodonta africana) during musth and non-musth periods.Gen Comp Endocrinol. 151: 241-245.

   14.    Yon L., Chen J., Moran P. and Lasley B. 2007. An analysis of the androgens of musth in the Asian bull elephant (Elephas maximus).Gen Comp Endocrinol. Mar 24; [Epub ahead of print].

   15.    Allen W.R. 2006. Ovulation, pregnancy, placentation and husbandry in the African elephant (Loxodonta africana).Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 361 : 821-834.

   16.    Bagley K.R., Goodwin T.E., Rasmussen L.E.L. and Schulte B.A. 2006. Male African elephants, Loxodonta africana, can distinguish oestrous status via urinary signals.Animal Behaviour 71: 1445.

   17.    Ball R.L. and Brown J. 2006. Preliminary results of a cabergoline trial in captive elephant with hyperprolactinemia.   2006 Proceedings American Association of Zoo Veterinarians, pp. 174-176.

   18.    Bertschinger H., Delsink A., Kirkpatrick J.F. et al. 2006. Management of elephant populations in private South African game reserves with porcine zona pellucida vaccine.   2006 Proceedings American Association of Zoo Veterinarians, pp. 283-285.

   19.    Brown J.L., Freeman E. and Duce C. 2006. Update on the reproductive status of female Asian and African elephants in the SSP population of North America.  Proceedings International Elephant Conservation & Research Symposium., 2006, pp. 48-57.

   20.    Brown J.L., Somerville M., Riddle H.S., Keele M. and Duer C. 2006. Comparative endocrinology of testicular and thyroid function in captive Asian and African elephant bulls.  Proceedings International Elephant Conservation & Research Symposium., 2006, pp. 58-75.

   21.    Cooper D.W. and Larsen E. 2006. Immunocontraception of mammalian wildlife: Ecological and immunogenetic issues.Reproduction 132: 821-828.

   22.    Delsink A.K., van Alten J.J., Grobler D.  et al. 2006. Regulation of a small, discrete African elephant population through immunocontraception in the Makalali Conservancy, Limpopo, South Africa.South African Journal of Science 102: 403-405.

   23.    Drews B., Göritz F., Hermes R. et al. 2006. Morphological and ultrasonographic characterization of the embryonic development in elephants.  Proceedings International Elephant Conservation & Research Symposium., 2006, pp. 82-83.

   24.    Druce H., Pretorius K., Druce D. and Slotow R. 2006. The effect of mature elephant bull introductions on resident bull's group size and musth periods: Phinda Private Game Reserve, South Africa.South African Journal of Wildlife Research 36: 133-137.

   25.    Freeman E.W., Brown J.L. and Whyte I. 2006. Reproductive success of elephants in Kruger National Park, South Africa (1976-1995).  Proceedings International Elephant Conservation & Research Symposium., 2006, pp. 87-91.

   26.    Hildebrandt T., Goeritz F., Hermes R., Schaftenaar W. and Drews B. 2006. Dystocia - an increasing problem in captive breeding programs: Causes and treatment.  Proceedings International Elephant Conservation & Research Symposium., 2006, p. 92.

   27.    Larke A. and Crews D.E. 2006. Parental investment, late reproduction, and increased reserve capacity are associated with longevity in humans.J Physiol Anthropol 25: 119-131.

   28.    Oerke A.-K., Heistermann M.A. and Hodges K. 2006. Duration of pregnancy and its relation to sex of calf and age of cow in the European population of Asian and African elephants.  Proceedings International Elephant Conservation & Research Symposium., 2006, pp. 125-131.

   29.    Sa-Ardrit M., Saikhun J., Thongtip N. et al. 2006. Ultrastructural alterations of frozen-thawed Asian elephant (Elephas maximus) spermatozoa.Int J Androl 29: 346-352.

   30.    Saikhun J., Thongtip N., Kornkaewrat K. et al. 2006. Osmotic stress on motility and membrane integrity of Asian elephant spermatozoa analyzed by computer-assisted semen analysis.  Proceedings International Elephant Conservation & Research Symposium., 2006, p. 163.

   31.    Shannon G., Page B.R., Duffy K.J. and Slotow R. 2006. The role of foraging behaviour in the sexual segregation of the African elephant.Oecologia 150.

   32.    Shannon G., Page B.R., Duffy K.J. and Slotow R. 2006. The consequences of body size dimorphism: Are African elephants sexually segregated at the habitat scale?Behaviour 143: 1145-1168.

   33.    Shrader A.M., McElveen M.E., Lee P.C., Moss C.J. and van Aarde R.J. 2006. Growth and age determination of African savanna elephants.Journal of Zoology, London 270: 40-48.

   34.    Stetter M., Hendrickson D., Zuba J. et al. 2006. Laparoscopic vasectomy as a potential population control method in free ranging African elephants (Loxodonta africana).  Proceedings International Elephant Conservation & Research Symposium., 2006, p. 177.

   35.    Thitaram C., Pongsopawijit P., Thongtip N. et al. 2006. Dystocia following prolonged retention of a dead fetus in an Asian elephant (Elephas maximus).Theriogenology 66: 1284-1291.

   36.    Thitaram C., Thongtip N., Somgird C. et al. 2006. Molecular tool for genetic management and parentage test to control poaching in Asian elephants.  Proceedings International Elephant Conservation & Research Symposium., pp. 205-209.

   37.    Thongtip N., Mahasawangkul S., Thitaram C. et al. 2006. First report of pregnancy by artificial insemination with chilled semen of an Asian elephant in Thailand.  Proceedings International Elephant Conservation & Research Symposium., 2006, p. 273.

   38.    Thongtip N., Mahasawangkul S., Kornkaewrat K. et al. 2006. Potential factors affecting Asian elephant semen quality in Thailand.  Proceedings International Elephant Conservation & Research Symposium., 2006, p. 210.

   39.    Allen W.R., Mathias S. and Ford M. 2005. Placentation in the African elephant, Loxodonta africana. IV. Growth and function of the fetal gonads.Reproduction 130: 713-720.

   40.    Andrews J., Mecklenborg A. and Bercovitch F.B. 2005. Milk intake and development in a newborn captive African elephant  (Loxodonta africana).Zoo Biology 24: 275-281.

   41.    Deem S.L., Brown J.L., Eggert L. et al. 2005. Health and management of working elephants in Myanmar (Burma).  Procedings American Association of Zoo Veterinarians, pp. 228-231.

   42.    Delves P.J. and Roitt I.M. 2005. Vaccines for the control of reproduction--status in mammals, and aspects of comparative interest.Dev Biol (Basel) 121: 265-273.

   43.    Ganswindt A., Heistermann M. and Hodges K. 2005. Physical, physiological, and behavioral correlates of musth in captive African elephants (Loxodonta africana).Physiological and Biochemical Zoology 78: 505-514.

   44.    Ganswindt A., Rasmssen H.B., Heistermann M. and Hodges J.K. 2005. The sexually active states of free-ranging male African elephants (Loxodonta africana): defining musth and non-musth using endocrinology, physical signals, and behavior.Horm Behav 47: 83-91.

   45.    Garstang M. 2005. Long-distance, low-frequency elephant communication.J Comp Physiol A Neuroethol Sens Neural Behav Physiol. 191: 299.

   46.    Glickman S.E., Short R.V. and Renfree M.B. 2005. Sexual differentiation in three unconventional mammals: Spotted hyenas, elephants and tammar wallabies.Hormones and Behaviour 48: 403-417.

   47.    Greenwood D.R., Comeskey D., Hunt M.B. and Rasmussen L.E. 2005. Chemical communication: chirality in elephant pheromones.Nature 438: 1097-1098.

   48.    Lacasse C., Gamble K.C., Terio K. et al. 2005. Mycobacterium szulgai osteoarthritis and pneumonia in an African elephant (Loxodonta Africana).  2005 Proceedings AAZV, AAWV, AZA Nutrition Advisory Group, pp. 170-172.

   49.    Leong K.M., Burks K., Rizkalla C.E. and Savage A. 2005. Effects of reproductive and social context on vocal communication in captive female African elephants (Loxodonta africana).Zoo Biology 24: 331-347.

   50.    Murwira A. and Skidmore A.K. 2005. The response of elephants to the spatial heterogeneity of vegetation in a Southern African agricultural landscape.Landscape Ecology 20: 217-234.

   51.    Naz R.K., Gupta S.K., Gupta J.C., Vyas H.K. and Talwar A.G. 2005. Recent advances in contraceptive vaccine development: a mini-review.Hum Reprod 20: 3271-3283.

   52.    Ortolani A., Leong K., Graham L. and Savage A. 2005. Behavioral indices of estrus in a group of captive African elephants (Loxodonta africana).Zoo Biology 24: 311-329.

   53.    Rasmussen L.E.L., Krishamurthy V. and Sakumar R. 2005. Behavioural and chemical confirmation of the preovulatory pheromone, (Z)-7-dodecenyl acetate, in wild Asian elephants: its relationship to musth.Behaviour 142: 351-396.

   54.    Saragusty J., Hildebrandt T.B., Natan Y.  et al. 2005. Effect of egg-phosphatidylcholine on the chilling sensitivity and lipid phase transition of Asian elephant (Elephas maximus) spermatozoa.Zoo Biology 24: 233-245.

   55.    Steinetz B.G., Brown J.L., Roth T.L. and Czekala N. 2005. Relaxin concentrations in serum and urine of endangered species.Ann.N.Y.Acad.Sci. 1041: 367-378.

   56.    Stetter M., Grobler D., Zuba J.R. et al. 2005. Laprascopic reproductive sterilization as a method of population control in free-ranging African elephants (Loxodonta africana).  2005 Proceedings AAZV, AAWV, AZA Nutrition Advisory Group, pp. 199-200.

   57.    Suedmeyer W.K., Oosterhuis J., Kollias G. et al. 2005. Elephant restraint device assisted anesthesia in an African elephant (Loxodonta africana).  2005 Proceedings AAZV, AAWV, AZA Nutrition Advisory Group, pp. 189-191.

   58.    Walker C.L. and Stewart E.A. 2005. Uterine fibroids: the elephant in the room.Science 308: 1589-1592.

   59.    Wooding F.B.P., Stewart F., Mathias S. and Allen W.R. 2005. Placentation in the African elephant, Loxodonta africanus: III. Ultrastructural and functional features of the placenta.Placenta 26: 449-470.

   60.     2004. Elephant Husbandry Resource Guide. International Elephant Foundation, Azle. TX, pp.1-280.

   61.    Agnew D.W., Munson L. and Ramsay E.C. 2004. Cystic endometrial hyperplasia in elephants.Vet Pathol. 41: 179-183.

   62.    Brown J.L., Walker S.L. and Moeller T. 2004. Comparative endocrinology of cycling and non-cycling Asian (Elephas maximus) and African (Loxodonta africana) elephants.General and Comparative Endocrinology 136: 360-370.

   63.    Brown J.L., Olson D., Keele M. and Freeman E.W. 2004. Survey of the reproductive cyclicity status of Asian and African elephants in North America.Zoo Biology 23: 309-321.

   64.    Brown J.L., Goritz F., Pratt-Hawkes N. et al. 2004. Successful artificial insemination of an Asian elephant at the National Zoological Park.Zoo Biology 23: 45-63.

   65.    Buchanan K.L. and Goldsmith A.R. 2004. Noninvasive endocrine data for behavioural studies: The importance of validation.Animal Behaviour 67: 183-185.

   66.    Carter A.M., Enders A.C., Kunzle H., Oduor-Okelo D. and Vogel P. 2004. Placentation in species of phylogenetic importance: The Afrotheria.Animal Reproduction Science 82-83: 35-48.

   67.    Carter A.M. and Enders A.C. 2004. Comparative aspects of trophoblast development and placentation.Reproductive Biology and Endocrinology 2.

   68.    Dahl N.J., Olson D., Schmitt D. et al. 2004. Development of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for luteinizing hormone (LH) in the elephant (Loxodonta africana and Elephas maximus).Zoo Biology 23: 65-78.

   69.    de Oliveira C.A., West G.D., Houck R. and Leblanc M. 2004. Control of musth in an Asian elephant bull (Elephas maximus) using leuprolide acetate.Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 35: 70-76.

   70.    deOliveira C.A., West G.D., Houck R. and Leblanc M. 2004. Control of musth in an Asian elephant bull (Elephas maximus) using leuprolide acetate.Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 35: 70-76.

   71.    Enders A.C. and Carter A.M. 2004. What can comparative studies of placental structure tell us?--A review.Placenta Suppl A: 3-9.

   72.    Freeman E.W., Weiss E. and Brown J.L. 2004. Examination of the interrelationships of behavior, dominance status, and ovarian activity in and African elephants.Zoo Biology 23: 431-448.

   73.    Garstang M. 2004. Long-distance, low-frequency elephant communication.J Comp Physiol A 190: 791-805.

   74.    Graham L.H., Bando J., Gray C. and Buhr M.M. 2004. Liquid storage of Asian elephant (Elephas maximus) sperm at 4 degrees C.Anim Reprod Sci 80: 329-340.

   75.    Hermes R., Hildebrandt T.B. and Goritz F. 2004. Reproductive problems directly attributable to long-term captivity-asymmetric reproductive aging.Animal Reproduction Science 82-83: 49-60.

   76.    Hildebrandt T.B., Hermes R., Janssen D.L. et al. 2004. Reproductive evaluation in wild African elephants prior to translocation.  2004 PROCEEDINGS AAZV, AAWV, WDA JOINT CONFERENCE, pp. 75-76.

   77.    Jones C.J., Wooding F.B., Mathias S.S. and Allen W.R. 2004. Fetomaternal glycosylation of early placentation events in the African elephant Loxodonta africana.Placenta 25: 308-320.

   78.    Meyer J.M., Walker S.L., Freeman E.W., Steinetz B.G. and Brown J.L. 2004. Species and fetal gender effects on the endocrinology of pregnancy in elephants.General and Comparative Endocrinology 138: 263-270.

   79.    Rees P.A. 2004. Some preliminary evidence of the social facilitation of mounting behavior in a juvenile bull asian elephant (Elephas maximus).J Appl Anim Welf Sci. 7: 49-59.

   80.    Ruedi, D. Collection and handling of semen and insemination in the African elephant (Loxodonta africana) at Basle Zoo.  2004.
Ref Type: Unpublished Work

   81.    Sanchez C.R., Murray S., Montali R.J. and Spelman L.H. 2004. Diagnosis and treatment of presumptive pyelonephritis in an Asian elephant (Elephas maximus).J Zoo Wildl Med 35: 397-399.

   82.    Stumpf P. and Welsch U. 2004. Secretory and defensive functions of the duct system of the lactating mammary gland of the African elephant (Loxodonta africana, Proboscidea).Zoomorphology 123: 155-157.

   83.    Thongtip N., Saikhun J., Damyang M. et al. 2004. Evaluation of post-thaw Asian elephant (Elephas maximus) spermatozoa using flow cytometry: The effects of extender and cryoprotectant.Theriogenology 62: 748-760.

   84.    Visscher D.R., vanAarde R.J. and Whyte I. 2004. Environmental and maternal correlates of foetal sex ratios in the African buffalo (Syncerus caffer) and savanna elephant (Loxodonta africana).Journal of Zoology 263: 111-116.

   85.     2003. Healthcare, Breeding and Management of Asian Elephants. Project Elephant. Govt. of India, New Delhi, pp.1-199.

   86.    Allen W.R., Mathias S., Wooding F.B. and van Aarde R.J. 2003. Placentation in the African elephant (Loxodonta africana): II morphological changes in the uterus and placenta throughout gestation.Placenta 24: 598-617.

   87.    Bhattacharyya B.K. 2003. Some reproductive traits of elephants. In: Das D (ed), Healthcare, Breeding and Management of Asian Elephants pp. 37-41. Project Elephant. Govt. of India, New Delhi.

   88.    Czekala N.M., MacDonald E.A., Steinman K. et al. 2003. Estrogen and LH dynamics during the follicular phase of the estrous cycle in the Asian elephant.Zoo Biology 22: 443-454.

   89.    Das D. 2003. Breeding, reproduction and conservation strategies in Asian elephants. In: Das D (ed), Healthcare, Breeding and Management of Asian Elephants pp. 45-57. Project Elephant. Govt. of India, New Delhi.

   90.    Davis, B. L., Dill, W. M., Hicks, A. R., Goodwin, T. E., Hollister-Smith, J., and Alberts, S. C. Use of SPME and GC-MS for chemical analysis of urine from African elephants in musth. Abstracts Of Papers Of The American Chemical Society 225(614-CHED Part 1 MAR 2003). 2003.
Ref Type: Abstract

   91.    Dehnhard M., Hatt J.M., Eulenberger K., Ochs A. and Strauss G. 2003. Headspace solid-phase microextraction (SPME) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) for the determination of 5alpha-androst-2-en-17-one and -17beta-ol in the female Asian elephant: application for reproductive monitoring and prediction of parturition.J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 84: 383-391.

   92.    Dill, W. M., Davis, B. L., Hicks, A. R., Goodwin, T. E., Rasmussen, L. E. L., Loizi, H., and Schulte, B. A. Chemical analysis of preovulatory female African elephant urine: A search for putative pheromones. Abstracts Of Papers Of The American Chemical Society 225(409-CHED Part I Mar 2003). 2003.
Ref Type: Abstract

   93.    Gage L. and Schmitt D. 2003. Dystocia in an African elephant (Loxodonta africana).  Proc Amer Assoc Zoo Vet, p. 88.

   94.    Ganswindt A., Palme R., Heistermann M., Borragan S. and Hodges J.K. 2003. Non-invasive assessment of adrenocortical function in the male African elephant (Loxodonta africana) and its relation to musth.Gen Comp Endocrinol 134: 156-166.

   95.    Hama N., Yamada A., Noda A. et al. 2003. Serum hormonal changes in a female Asian elephant (Elephas maximus) with stillbirth.Japanese Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 8: 109-113.

   96.    Hermes R., Arav A., Saragusty J. et al. 2003. Cryopreservation of Asian elephant spermatozoa using directional freezing.  Proc.Amer Assoc of Zoo Veterinarians, p. 264.

   97.    Hildebrandt T.B., Strike T., Flach E. et al. 2003. Fetotomy in the elephant.  Proc Amer Assoc Zoo Vet, pp. 89-92.

   98.    Hildebrandt T.B., Strike T., Flach E. et al. 2003. Fetotomy in the elephant.  Erkrankungen der Zootiere, pp. 315-318.

   99.    Leong K.M., Ortolani A., Graham L.H. and Savage A. 2003. The use of low-frequency vocalizations in African elephant (Loxodonta africana) reproductive strategies.Horm Behav. 43: 433-443.

100.    Malhotra A.K. and Kumar M. 2003. Management of musth Indian elephant at National Zoological Park, New Delhi.Zoos' Print Journal 18: 10.

101.    Nath K.C. 2003. Oestrous cycle and pregnancy in elephant. In: Das D (ed), Healthcare, Breeding and Management of Asian Elephants pp. 42-44. Project Elephant. Govt. of India, New Delhi.

102.    Pucher H.E., Stremme C. and Schwarzenberger F. 2003. Priapism in a semiwild Asian elephant (Elephas maximus) in Vietnam.Vet Rec 153: 717-718.

103.    Rajaram A. and Krishnamurthy V. 2003. Elephant temporal gland ultrastructure and androgen secretion during musth.Current Science 85: 1467-1471.

104.    Rasmussen B. 2003. Why musth elephants use pheromones?Biologist 50: 195-196.

105.    Rasmussen L.E. and Greenwood D.R. 2003. Frontalin: a chemical message of musth in Asian elephants (Elephas maximus).Chemical Senses 28: 433-446.

106.    Rees P.A. 2003. The welfare and conservation of Asian elephants – a reply to Sukumar.Oryx 37: 25.

107.    Sarma K.K. 2003. Managing troublesome bulls with special reference to musth in captive Asian elephants. In: Das D (ed), Healthcare, Breeding and Management of Asian Elephants pp. 58-66. Project Elephant. Govt. of India, New Delhi.

108.    Schmitt D.L. 2003. Proboscidea (Elephants). In: Fowler ME and Miller RE (eds), Zoo and Wild Animal Medicine pp. 541-550. Elsevier Science USA.

109.    Slade B.E., Schulte B.A. and Rasmussen L.E.L. 2003. Oestrous state dynamics in chemical communication by captive female Asian elephants.Animal Behaviour 65: 813-819.

110.    Sleeman J.M., Clyde V.L., Finnegan M.V., Ramsay E.C. and Shires M.G. 2003. Mammary botryomycosis and mastectomy in an African elephant (Loxodonta africana).Vet Rec 152: 54-55.

111.    Teng M.S., Yang X.L. and Wu D.H. 2003. Characteristics of reproductive biology of Asian elephants.Chinese Journal of Zoology 38: 86-90.

112.    West J.B., Fu Z., Gaeth A.P. and Short R.V. 2003. Fetal lung development in the elephant reflects the adaptations required for snorkeling in adult life.Respir Physiol Neurobiol 138: 325-333.

113.    Whitehouse A.M. and Schoeman D.S. 2003. Ranging behaviour of elephants within a small, fenced area in Addo Elephant National Park, South Africa.African Zoology 38: 95-108.

114.    Wilson J.D., Leihy M.W., Shaw G. and Renfree M.B. 2003. Androgen physiology: unsolved problems at the millennium.Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology 198: 1-5.

115.    Wingfield J.C. and Sapolsky R.M. 2003. Reproduction and resistance to stress: When and how.Journal of Neuroendocrinology 15: 711-724.

116.    Zuba J.R., Stetter M.D., Dover S.R. and Briggs M. 2003. Development of rigid laparoscopy techniques in elephants and rhinoceros.  Proc Amer Assoc Zoo Vet, pp. 223-227.

117.    Journal of Indian Veterinary Assocaition Kerala. Journal of Indian Veterinary Association Kerala 7(3), 1-64. 2002.
Ref Type: Journal (Full)

118.    Alex P.C. 2002. The Musth, the vicious and the rogue elephants - a review.Journal of Indian Veterinary Association Kerala 7: 26-27.

119.    Allen W.R., Mathias S.S., Wooding F.B., Skidmore J.A. and van Aarde R.J. 2002. Placentation in the African elephant, Loxodonta africana. I. Endocrinological aspects.Reprod Suppl 60: 105-116.

120.    Chandrasekharan K. 2002. Elephant - an overview.Journal of Indian Veterinary Association Kerala 7: 8-11.

121.    Cheeran J.V., Radhakrishnan K. and Chandrasekharan K. 2002. Musth.Journal of Indian Veterinary Association Kerala 7: 28-30.

122.    Cheeran J.V., Chandrasekharan K. and Radhakrishnan K. 2002. Tranquilization and translocation of elephants.Journal of Indian Veterinary Association Kerala 7: 42-46.

123.    Cheeran J.V. 2002. Elephant facts.Journal of Indian Veterinary Association Kerala 7: 12-14.

124.    Davis S.A. and Pech R.P. 2002. Dependence of population response to fertility control on the survival of sterile animals and their role in regulation.Reprod Suppl 60: 89-103.

125.    Delsink A.K., van Altena J.J., Kirkpatrick J., Grobler D. and Fayrer-Hosken R.A. 2002. Field applications of immunocontraception in African elephants (Loxodonta africana).Reprod Suppl 60: 117-124.

126.    Duer C., Carden M., Schmitt D. and Tomasi T. 2002. Utility of maternal serum total testosterone analysis for fetal gender determination in Asian elephants (Elephas maximus).Anim Reprod Sci 69: 47-52.

127.    Forsyth I.A. and Wallis M. 2002. Growth hormone and prolactin--molecular and functional evolution.J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 7: 291-312.

128.    Graham L.H., Bolling J., Miller G., Pratt-Hawkes N. and Joseph S. 2002. Enzyme-immunoassay for the measurement of luteinizing hormone in the serum of African elephants (Loxodonta africana).Zoo Biology 21: 403-408.

129.    Grandy J.W. and Rutberg A.T. 2002. An animal welfare view of wildlife contraception.Reprod Suppl 60: 1-7.

130.    Khawnual P. and Clarke B. 2002. General care and reproductive management of pregnant and infant elephants at the Ayutthaya Elephant Camp. In: Baker I and Kashio M (eds), Giants on Our Hands: Proceedings of the International Workshop on the Domesticated Asian Elephant, Bangkok, Thailand, 5-10 February 2001. pp. 249-256. FAO Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific (RAPA), Bangkok; Thailand.

131.    Kumar G.A., Ghosh K.N.A., Sreekumaran T. and Chandrasekharan K. 2002. Reproduction in elephants.Journal of Indian Veterinary Association Kerala 7: 38-40, 48-48.

132.    Rasmussen L.E., Riddle H.S. and Krishnamurthy V. 2002. Mellifluous matures to malodorous in musth.Nature 415: 975-976.

133.    Rasmussen L.E. and Wittemyer G. 2002. Chemosignalling of musth by individual wild African elephants (Loxodonta africana): implications for conservation and management.Proc R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 269: 853-860.

134.    Rasmussen L.E.L., Riddle H.S. and Krishnamurthy V. 2002. Mellifluous matures to malodorous in musth; Mood-altering secretions by excited male elephants smooth out social interactions.Nature 415: 975-976.

135.    Sanchez C.R., Murray S.Z., Montali R.J. and Spelman L.H. 2002. Medical Management of Acute Pylelonephritis in an Asian Elephant. In: Baer CK (ed), American Association of Zoo Veterinarians Annual Conference, 2002, pp. 162-164.

136.    Stokke S. and duToit J.G. 2002. Sexual segregation in habitat use by elephants in Chobe National Park, Botswana.African Journal of Ecology 40: 360-371.

137.    Suedmeyer W.K. 2002. Transabdominal ultrasonic Gestational monitoring in an African elephant (Loxodonta africana). In: Baer CK (ed), American Association of Zoo Veterinarians Annual Conference, 2002, pp. 219-220.

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