Elephant Formulary

© 2003-06 Susan K. Mikota DVM and Donald C. Plumb, Pharm.D.
Published by Elephant Care International - www.elephantcare.org

Elephant References

  

 

 

 

 

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Aik,S.S. 1992. Preliminary observations on the training of Burmese elephants using xylazine. New Zealand Veterinary Journal 40:(2):81-84 

Alford,B.T., Burkhart,R.L., and Johnson,W.P. 1974. Etorphine and diprenorphine as immobilizing and reversing agents in captive and free-ranging mammals. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 164:(7):702-705 

Allen,J.L. 1986. Use of tolazoline as an antagonist to xylazine-ketamine-induced immobilization in African elephants. American Journal of Veterinary Research 47:(4):781-783 

Altmann,D. and Krebs,W. 1981. Combined Vetalar-Combelen anesthesia of elephant for surgical removal of foreign body from eye . Erkrankungen der Zootiere 261-265 

Anderson,I.L. 1968. Tutu poisoning in two circus elephants. New Zealand Veterinary Journal 16:(8):146-147  

Appayya,M.K. and Khadri,S.S.M.S., 1992. Chemical capture of wild elephants and their translocation carried out in Karnataka state. In: Silas,E.G., Nair,M.K., and Nirmalan,G. (Editors), The Asian Elephant: Ecology, Biology, Diseases, Conservation and Management (Proceedings of the National Symposium on the Asian Elephant held at the Kerala Agricultural University, Trichur, India, January 1989). Kerala Agricultural University, Trichur, India pp. 107-112

Ashraf,N.V.K., Johnsingh,A.J.T., Panwar,H.S., Sale,J.B., Joshua,J., Ravi,C., and Krishnamurth,V.  1991. Chemical immobilization of wild Asian elephants: pharmacological, biological and ecological considerations. International Seminar on Veterinary Medicine in Wild and Captive Animals, Nov. 8-10, Bangalore, India. Pages: 21

Atapattu,N.  1991. Antagonism of xylazine induced sedation and immobilization in wild elephant (Elephas maximus maximus). International Seminar on Veterinary Medicine in Wild and Captive Animals, Nov. 8-10, Bangalore, India. Pages: 20

Bechert,U.S., Swanson,L., Wasser,S.K., Hess,D.L., and Stormshak,F. 1999. Serum prolactin concentrations in the captive female African elephant (Loxodonta africana): potential effects of season and steroid hormone interactions. Gen Comp Endocrinol 114:(2):269-278  

Bechert,U.S. 1993. Anesthesia. Animal Keepers' Forum 20:(10):351-353

Bengis,R.G.  1996. Chemical capture of the free ranging African elephant. Proc.North. Am.Vet.Conf. Pages: 892-894

Blumer,E.S.  1991. A review of the use of selected neuroleptic drugs in the management of nondomestic hoofstock. Proc. Am. Assoc. Zoo Vet. Pages: 333-339

Bongso,T.A. and Perera,B.M.A.O. 1978. Observations on the use of etorphine alone and in combination with acepromazine maleate for immobilization of aggressive Asian elephants (Elephas maximus). Veterinary Record 102:(15):339-340  

Bongso,T.A. 1979. Sedation of the Asian elephant (Elephas maximus) with xylazine. Vet Rec 105:(19):442-443   

Bongso,T.A. 1980. Use of xylazine for the transport of elephants by air. Vet Rec 107:(21):492  

Bongso,T.A. 1980. Sedation of the Asian elephant with xylazine. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 177:(9):783  

Bosi,E.J., Kilbourn,A.M., Andau,M., and Tambing,E.  1997. Translocation of wild Asian elephants (Elephas maximus) in Sabah, Malaysia. Proceedings American Association of Zoo Veterinarians. Pages: 302

Briggs,M., Schmidt,M., Black,D., Roach,R., Opdahl,J., Stark,G., Owens,D., and Driver,M. 1988. Extraction of an infected tusk in an adult African elephant. J Am Vet Med Assoc 192:(10):1455-1456  

Bush,M., Raath,J.P., de Vos,V., and Stoskopf,M. 1996. Serum oxytetracycline levels in free-ranging male African elephants (Loxodonta africana) injected with a long-acting formulation. Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 27:(3):382-385  

Bush,M., Stoskopf,M.K., Raath,J.P., and Papich,M.G. 2000. Serum oxytetracycline concentrations in African elephant (Loxodonta africana) calves after long-acting formulation injection. Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 31:(1):41-46  

Byron,H.T., Olsen,J., Schmidt,M.J., Copeland,J.F.Jr., and Byron,L. 1985. Abdominal surgery in three adult male Asian elephants. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 187:(11):1236-1237  

Caffee,H.H. 1989. Reconstruction of the distal trunk of an African elephant. Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery 83:1049-1051  

Chandrasekharan,K. 2002. Specific diseases of Asian elephants. Journal of Indian Veterinary Association Kerala 7:(3):31-34  

Cheeran,J. 2002. Adverse drug experiences in elephants. Journal of Indian Veterinary Association Kerala 7:(3):61  

Cheeran,J.V., Chandrasekharan,K., and Radhakrishnan,K., 1992. Transportation of elephants by rail. In: Silas,E.G., Nair,M.K., and Nirmalan,G. (Editors), The Asian Elephant: Ecology, Biology, Diseases, Conservation and Management (Proceedings of the National Symposium on the Asian Elephant held at the Kerala Agricultural University, Trichur, India, January 1989). Kerala Agricultural University, Trichur, India pp. 120-122

Cheeran,J.V., Chandrasekharan,K., and Radhakrishnan,K., 1992. A case of ochlophobia in a tusker. In: Silas,E.G., Nair,M.K., and Nirmalan,G. (Editors), The Asian Elephant: Ecology, Biology, Diseases, Conservation and Management (Proceedings of the National Symposium on the Asian Elephant held at the Kerala Agricultural University, Trichur, India, January 1989). Kerala Agricultural University, Trichur, India pp. 176

Cheeran,J.V., Chandrasekharan,K., and Radhakrishnan,K., 1992. Tranquilization and translocation of elephants. In: Silas,E.G., Nair,M.K., and Nirmalan,G. (Editors), The Asian Elephant: Ecology, Biology, Diseases, Conservation and Management (Proceedings of the National Symposium on the Asian Elephant held at the Kerala Agricultural University, Trichur, India, January 1989). Kerala Agricultural University, Trichur, India pp. 176

Cheeran,J.V., Chandrasekharan,K., and Radhakrishnan,K., 1995. Principles and Practice of Fixing Dose of Drugs for Elephants . In: Daniel,J.C. (Editor), A Week with Elephants; Proceedings of the International Seminar on Asian Elephants. Bombay Natural History Society; Oxford University Press, Bombay, India pp. 430-438

Cheeran,J.V., Chandrasekharan,K., and Radhakrishnan,K. 2002. Tranquilization and translocation of elephants. Journal of Indian Veterinary Association Kerala 7:(3):42-46  

Coetsee,C. 1996. Elephant Translocations. Pachyderm 22:81  

Counsilman,J.W. 1954. Demerol hydrochloride as an anesthetic for an elephant. North American Veterinarian 35:835-836  

Czekala,N.M., Roocroft,A., and Bates,M. 1989. Estrogen metabolism in the Asian elephant (Elephas maximus). Biology of Reproduction 40:(suppl.1):119  

Czekala,N.M., Roocroft,A., Bates,M., Allen,J., and Lasley,B.L. 1992. Estrogen metabolism in the Asian elephant (Elephas maximus). Zoo Biology 11:75-80  

de Vos,V. 1978. Immobilization of free-ranging wild animals using a new drug. Vet Rec 103:(4):64-68  

de Vos,V.  1985. Immobilization of the African elephant. Proc.2nd.Int.Congr.Vet.Anesth. Pages: 142-143

Dinnes,M.R.  1970. The use of M-99 (etorphine) on an elephant and gemsbok. Proc.Am.Assoc.Zoo Vet. Pages: 49

du Toit,J.G., 2001. Veterinary Care of African Elephants. Novartis, Pretoria, Republic of South Africa, 1-59 pp. Web/URL:  www.wildlifedecisionsupport.com

Dunlop,C.I., Hodgson,D.S., Cambre,R.C., and Kenney,D. 1988. Prolonged isoflurane anesthesia of an adult elephant on two occasions. Veterinary Surgery 17:(3):167-168

Dunlop,C.I., Hodgson,D.S., Cambre,R.C., Kenny,D.E., and Martin,H.D. 1994. Cardiopulmonary effects of three prolonged periods of isoflurane anesthesia in an adult elephant. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 205:(10):1439-1444  

Ebedes,H. 1975. The immobilization of adult male and female elephant, Loxodonta africana, with etorphine and observation on the action of diprenorphine. Madogua 9:19-24  

Ebedes,H.  1995. The use of long term neuroleptics in the confinement and transport of wild animals. Joint Conf AAZV/WDA/AAWV. Pages: 173-176
Web/URL: http://wildlifedecisionsupport.com/captureandcare

Elkan,P.W., Planton,H.P., Powell,J.A., Haigh,J.A., and Karesh,W.B. 1998. Chemical immobilization of African elephant in lowland forest,southwestern Cameroon. Pachyderm 25:(Jan-July):32-37  

Foerner,J.J., 1999. Dystocia in the elephant . In: Fowler,M.E. and Miller.R.E. (Editors), Zoo and Wild Animal Medicine: Current Therapy 4. W.B. Saunders, Philadelphia; USA pp. 522-525

Fowler,M.E. and Hart,R. 1973. Castration of an Asian elephant, using etorphine anesthesia. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 163:(6):539-543 

Fowler,M.E. 1981. Problems with immobilizing and anesthetizing elephants. Proceedings of the American Association of Zoo Veterinarians 87-91  

Fowler,M.E., 1986. Zoo and Wild Animal Medicine. W.B. Saunders, Philadelphia, 1127 pp.

Fowler,M.E., 1993. Zoo and Wild Animal Medicine Current Therapy 3. W.B. Saunders, Philadelphia, 617 pp.

Fowler,M.E., 1995. Elephants. In: Restraint and handling of wild and domestic animals. Iowa State University Press, Ames, Iowa, USA pp. 265-269

Fowler,M.E., 1995. Restraint and handling of wild and domestic animals. Iowa State University Press, Ames, Iowa, USA, 383 pp.

Fowler,M.E. and Miller,R.E., 1999. Zoo and Wild Animal Medicine Current Therapy 4. W.B. Saunders, Philadelphia, 747 pp.

Fowler,M.E., Steffey,E.P., Galuppo,L., and Pascoe,J.R.  1999. Standing immobilization and anesthesia in an Asian elephant (Elephas maximus). Proc. Am. Assoc. Zoo Vet. Pages: 107-110

Fowler,M.E., Steffey,E.P., Galuppo,L., and Pascoe,J.R. 2000. Facilitation of Asian elephant (Elephas maximus) standing immobilization and anesthesia with a sling. Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 31:(1):118-123  

Gandal,C.P. 1968. M-99 usage in African elephant, okapi and blesbok. American Association of Zoo Veterinarians Newsletter 1

Ghosh,S. 1990. Drug immobilization -- operation Lalbahadur. Indian For. 115:(11):842-846 

Gray,C.W. 1968. The use of M-99 in wild Asian elephant. American Association of Zoo Veterinarians Newsletter March 25

Gray,C.W. and Nettasinghe,A.P.W. 1970. A preliminary study of immobilization of the Asiatic elephant (Elephas maximus) utilizing etorphine (M-99). Zoologica 55:51-53  

Gross,M.E., Clifford,C.A., and Hardy,D.A. 1994. Excitement in an elephant after intravenous administration of atropine. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 205:(10):1437-1438 

Hall,L.W. and Clarke,K.W., 1991. Anesthesia of the sheep, goat and other herbivores. In: Veterinary Anesthesia. Bailliere Tindall Ltd., London pp. 260-274

Harthoorn,A.M., Lock,J.A., and Luck,C.P. 1961. Handling and marking of wild African elephants (Loxodonta africana) with the use of the drug immobilizing technique -- a preliminary report. British Veterinary Journal 117:87-91  

Harthoorn,A.M. and Bligh,J. 1965. The use of a new oripavine derivative with potent morphine-like activity for the restraint of hoofed wild animals. Research in Veterinary Science 6:290-299  

Harthoorn,A.M. 1966. Restraint of undomesticated animals. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 149:875  

Harthoorn,A.M., 1976. The chemical capture of animals. Bailliere and Tindall, London

Hattingh,J., Wright,P.G., de Vos,V., McNairn,I.S., Ganhao,M.F., Silove,M., Wolverson,G., and Cornelius,S.T. 1984. Blood composition in culled elephants and buffaloes. J.S.Afr.Vet.Assoc. 55:(4):157-164 

Hattingh,J. 1984. Effects of etorphine and succinyldicholine on blood composition in elephant and buffalo. South African Journal of Zoology 19:286-290  

Hattingh,J., Pitts,N.I., Ganhao,M.F., Moyes,D.G., and de Vos,V. 1990. Blood constituent responses of animals culled with succinyldicholine and hexamethonium. J.S.Afr.Vet.Assoc. 61:117-118  

Hattingh,J., Pitts,N.I., De-Vos,N.I., Moyes,D.G., and Ganhao,M.F. 1991. The response of animals to suxamethonium (succinyldicholine) and succinylmonocholine. Journal of the South African Veterinary Association 62:(3):126-129  

Hattingh,J. and Knox,C.M. 1994. Arterial blood pressure in anesthetized African elephants. South African Journal of Wildlife Research 24:(1/2):

Hattingh,J., Knox,C.M., and Raath,J.P. 1994. Arterial blood pressure of the African elephant (Loxodonta africana) under etorphine anaesthesia and after remobilisation with diprenorphine. Veterinary Record 135:(19):458-459  

Heard,D.J., Jacobson,E.R., and Brock,K.A. 1986. Effects of oxygen supplementation on blood gas values in chemically restrained juvenile African elephants. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 189:(9):1071-1074 

Heard,D.J., Kollias,G.V., Webb,A.I., Jacobson,E.R., and Brock,K.A. 1988. Use of halothane to maintain anesthesia induced with etorphine in juvenile African elephants. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 193:254-256  

Heard,D.J.  2000. Captive elephant anesthesia.  Proc.North Am.Vet. Conf. Pages: 1043-1044

Hoare,R. 1999. Reducing Drug Inductions Time in the Field Immobilization of Elephants. Pachyderm 27:49-54  

Hodges,J.K., Fieb,M., and Heistermann,M.  1999. Non-Invasive Reproductive Assessment in the African Elephant: Applications to Studies in Captivity and in the Wild. Seventh World Conference on Breeding Endangered Species: Linking Zoo and Field Research to Advance Conservation.

Honeyman,V.L., Cooper,R.M., and Black,S.R.  1998. A protected contact approach to anesthesia and medical management of an Asian elephant (Elephas maximus).  Proceedings AAZV and AAWV Joint Conference. Pages: 338-341

Horne,W.A., Tchamba,M.N., and Loomis,M.R.  2000. A simple method of providing intermittent positive-pressure ventilation to etorphine-immobilized elephants (Loxodonta africana) in the field. Proceedings AAZV and IAAAM Joint Conference. Pages: 27-30

Horne,W.A., Tchamba,M.N., and Loomis,M.R. 2001. A simple method of providing intermittent positive-pressure ventilation to etorphine-immobilized elephants (Loxodonta africana) in the field. Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 32:(4):519-522 

Howard,J., Bush,M., de Vos,V., and Wildt,D.E. 1984. Electroejaculation, semen characteristics and serum testosterone concentrations of free-ranging African elephants (Loxodonta africana). Journal of Reproduction and Fertility 72:(1):187-195  

Hunter,R.P., Isaza,R., and Koch,D.E. 2003. Oral bioavailability and pharmacokinetic characteristics of ketoprofen enantiomers after oral and intravenous administration in Asian elephants (Elephas maximus) . Am J Vet Res 64:(1):109-114  

Jacob,V., Cheeran,K., Chandrasekharan,K., and Radhakrishnan,K.  1983. Immobilization of elephant in musth using xylazine hydrochloride. 7th Annual Symposium of the Indian Society of Veterinary Surgeons. p. 62

Jacobson,E.R., Heard,D.J., and Brock,K.A.  1984. Effects of oxygen supplementation on blood gas values in African elephants. Proc. Amer. Assoc. Zoo Vet. p. 60

Jacobson,E.R., Allen,J., Martin,H., and Kollias,G.V. 1985. Effects of yohimbine on combined xylazine-ketamine-induced sedation and immobilization in juvenile African elephants. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 187:(11):1195-1198  

Jacobson,E.R., Chen,C.-L., Gronwall,R., and Tiller,A. 1986. Serum concentrations of etorphine in juvenile African elephants. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 189:(9):1079-1081  

Jacobson,E.R., Heard,D.J., Caligiuri,R., and Kollias,G.V.  1987. Physiologic effects of etorphine and carfentanil in African elephants. Proc.1st.Intl.Conf.Zool.Avian Med. Pages: 525-527

Jacobson,E.R.  1988. Chemical restraint and anesthesia of elephants. Proc.Ann.Elephant Workshop 9. Pages: 112-119

Jacobson,E.R., Kollias,G.V., Heard,D.J., and Caligiuri,R. 1988. Immobilization of African elephants with carfentanil and antagonism with nalmefene and diprenorphine. Journal of Zoo Animal Medicine 19:1-7  

Jainudeen,M.R. 1970. The use of etorphine hydrochloride for restraint of a domesticated elephant (Elephas maximus). Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 157:(5):624-626  

Jainudeen,M.R., Bongso,T.A., and Perera,B.M.O.A. 1971. Immobilisation of aggressive working elephants (Elephas maximus). Veterinary Record 89:(26):686-688   

Jarofke,D. 1981. Etorphine anesthesia in the elephant. Journal of Zoo Animal Medicine 

Jarofke,D. 1981. Use of halothane oxygen anesthesia in elephants (Elephas maximus). Journal of Zoo Animal Medicine 12:(3):93-95  

Johnsingh,A.J.T., Joshua,J., Ravi,C., Ashraf,N.V.K., Krishnamurthy,V., Khati,D.V.S., and Chellam,R. 1993. Etorphine and acepromazine combination for immobilising wild Indian elephants (Elephas maximus). Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 90:(2):45-49  

Karesh,W.B., Smith,K.H., Smith,F., Atalia,M., Morkel,P., Torres,A., House,C., Braselton,W.E., and Dierenfeld,E.S.  1997. Elephants, buffalo, kob, and rhinoceros:  immobilization, telemetry, and health evaluations.  Proceedings American Association of Zoo Veterinarians. Pages: 296-230

Kirkwood,J.K. and Widdowson,M.A. 1990. Interspecies variation in the plasma halflife of oxytetracycline in relation to body weight. Research in Veterinary Science 48:180-183  

Kock,M.D. 1992. Use of hyaluronidase and increased etorphine (M99) doses to improve induction times and reduce capture-related stress in the chemical immobilization of the free-ranging black rhinoceros (Diceros bicornis) in Zimbabwe. Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 23:(2):181-188  

Kock,M.D., Martin,R.B., and Kock,N. 1993. Chemical immobilization of free-ranging African elephants (Loxodonta africana) in Zimbabwe, using etorphine (M99) mixed with hyaluronidase, and evaluation of biological data collected soon after immobilization. Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 24:(1):1-10  

Kock,N., Kock,M., Arif,A., and Wahid,M.N.S.A.  1984. Immobilization techniques and complications associated with a bull Indian elephant (Elephas maximus indicus) during musth . Proc.Am.Assoc.Zoo Vet. Pages: 68-74

Kock,R.A., Morkel,P., and Kock,M.D., 1993. Current immobilization procedures used in elephants. In: Fowler,M.E. (Editor), Zoo and Wild Animal Medicine Current Therapy 3. W.B. Saunders Company, Philadelphia, PA, USA pp. 436-441

Kodituwakku,G.E., Dissanayake,K., and Seneviratne,E. 1961. General anesthesia in an elephant. Ceylon Veterinary Journal 9:75 

Kollias,G.V.  1993. The use of heavy moving equipment to facilitate immobilization and loading procedures for elephants. Proc.Amer.Assoc.ZooVet. p. 112

Kramer,B. and Hattingh,J. 1995. The neuromuscular junction in the African elephant Loxodonta africana and African buffalo Syncerus caffer. South African Journal of Wildlife Research 25:(1):p14, 3p, 2bw  

Kreeger,T.J., Arnemo,J.M., and Raath,J.P., 2002. Handbook of wildlife chemical immobilization. Wildlife Pharmaceuticals Inc., Fort Collins, Colorado, U.S.A., 1-412 pp.
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Lahiri-Choudhury,D.K., 1992. Translocation of wild elephants. In: Silas,E.G., Nair,M.K., and Nirmalan,G. (Editors), The Asian Elephant: Ecology, Biology, Diseases, Conservation and Management (Proceedings of the National Symposium on the Asian Elephant held at the Kerala Agricultural University, Trichur, India, January 1989). Kerala Agricultural University, Trichur, India pp. 91-106

Lance,W.R. 1991. New pharmaceutical tools for the 1990's. Proceedings of the American Association of Zoo Veterinarians 354-359  

Lateur,N. and Stolk,P.  1986. Repeated general anesthesia in a male Indian elephant. Proc.Am.Assoc.Zoo Vet. p. 128-131

Limpoka,P., Chai Anan,S., Sirivejpandu,R., Kanchanomai,S., Rattanamonthianchai, and Puangkum,P. 1987. Plasma concentrations of oxytetracycline in elephants following intravenous and intramuscular administration of Terramycin/LA injectable solution. ACTA VET.BRNO 56:173-179  

Lodwick,L.J., Dubach,J.M., Phillips,L.G., Brown,C.S., and Jandreski,M.A. 1994. Pharmacokinetics of amikacin in African elephants (Loxodonta africana). Zoo Wildl.Med. 25:(3):367-375  

Manna,S. 1996. Chemical immobilization and treatment of a wild elephant. Indian Veterinary Journal 73:(12):1260-1261  

McKenzie,A.A., 1993. The Capture and care manual : capture, care, accommodation and transportation of wild African animals. Pretoria : Wildlife Decision Support Services : South African Veterinary  Foundation, Pretoria, 729 pp.

Mihm,F.G., Machado,C., and Snyder,R. 1988. Pulse oximetry and end-tidal CO2 monitoring of an adult Asian elephant. Journal of Zoo Animal Medicine 19:106-109 

Mortenson,J. and Sierra S.  1998. Determining dosages for antibiotic and anti-inflammatory agents in elephants. Proceedings of the First North American Conference on Elephant Foot Care and Pathology. Pages: 50-55

Mortenson,J.  1998. Determining dosages for anti-inflammatory agents in elephants. Proceedings AAZV and AAWV Joint Conference. Pages: 477-479

Mortenson,J., 2001. Determining dosages for antibiotic and anti-inflammatory agents. In: Csuti,B., Sargent,E.L., and Bechert,U.S. (Editors), The Elephant's Foot. Iowa State University Press, Ames pp. 141-144

Morton,D.J. and Kock,M.D. 1991. Stability of hyaluronidase in solution with etorphine and xylazine. J.Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 22:(3):345-347 

Muraleedharan,K.N., Chandrasekharan,K., Jacob,V., and et al. 1979. General anesthesia in an elephant (Elephas maximus) -- a clinical case report. Kerala Journal of Veterinary Science 10:197-200  

Murray,S., Bush,M., and Tell,L.A. 1996. Medical management of postpartum problems in an Asian elephant (Elephas maximus) cow and calf. Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 27:(2):255-258 

Nanjappa,K.A. 1991. Anaesthesia and treatment of a wounded wild Makana elephant (Elephas maximus). Indian Veterinary Journal 68:(4):360  

Nayar,K.N.M., Radhakrishnan,K., Chandrasekharan,K., Cheeran,J.V., Ravindran,S., and George,P.O., 1992. Anaesthesia for surgical manipulations in the elephant. In: Silas,E.G., Nair,M.K., and Nirmalan,G. (Editors), The Asian Elephant: Ecology, Biology, Diseases, Conservation and Management (Proceedings of the National Symposium on the Asian Elephant held at the Kerala Agricultural University, Trichur, India, January 1989). Kerala Agricultural University, Trichur, India pp. 156-158

Nayar,K.N.M., Chandrasekharan,K., and Radhakrishnan,K. 2002. Management of surgical affections in captive elephants. Journal of Indian Veterinary Association Kerala 7:(3):55-59  

Nielsen,L., 1988. Translocation of Wild Animals. Wisconsin Humane Society Inc., Ames, IA, 333 pp.

Nielsen,L., 1999. Chemical Immobilization of Wild and Exotic Animals. Iowa State University Press, Ames, IA, 342 pp.

Njumbi,S.T., Waithaka,J., Gachago,S., Sakwa,J., Mwathe,K., Mungai,P., Mulama,M., Mutinda,H., Omondi,P., and Litoroh,M. 1996. Translocation of elephants: the Kenyan experience. Pachyderm 22:61-65  

Olsen,J.H., 1999. Antibiotic therapy in elephants. In: Fowler,M.E. and Miller R.E. (Editors), Zoo and Wild Animal Medicine: Current Therapy 4. W.B. Saunders, Philadelphia, PA,USA pp. 533-541

Osofsky,S.A.  1995. Pulse oximetry monitoring of free-ranging African elephants (Loxodonta africana) immobilized with an etorphine/hyaluronidase combination antagonized with diprenorphine. Joint Conference AAZV/WDA/AAWV. Pages: 237-277

Osofsky,S.A. 1997. A practical anesthesia monitoring protocol for free-ranging adult African elephants (Loxodonta africana). Journal of Wildlife Diseases 33:(1):72-77  

Page,C.D., Mautino,M., Derendorf,H.D., and Anhalt,J.P. 1991. Comparative pharmacokinetics of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole administered intravenously and orally to captive elephants. Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 22:(4):409-416 

Pathak,S.C., Saikia,J., Lahon,D.K., Deka,K.N., Barua,S.K., Dewan,J.N., and Vety,A.H. 1990. Attempted ventral herniorrhaphy in an Asian elephant (Elephas maximus) using xylazine sedation. Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 21:(2):234-235 

Pathak,S.C.  1991. Xylazine-ketamine anesthesia in Indian elephant (Elephas maximus indicus) - trial on 53 clinical cases. International Seminar on Veterinary Medicine in Wild and Captive Animals, Nov. 8-10, Bangalore, India. Pages: 21

Pienaar,U.d.V., Van Niekerk,J.W., and Young,E. 1966. The use of oripavine hydrochloride (M.99) in the drug immobilization and marking of wild African elephant (Loxodonta africana Blumenbach) in the Kruger national park. Koedoe 9:108-124  

Pitts,N.I. and Mitchell,G. 2002. Pharmacokinetics and effects of succinylcholine in African elephant (Loxodonta africana) and impala (Aepyceros melampus). Eur J Pharm Sci 15:(3):251-260  

Pitts,N.I. and Mitchell,G. 2003. In vitro succinylcholine hydrolysis in plasma of the African elephant (Loxodonta africana) and impala (Aepyceros melampus). Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 134:(1):123-129  

Raath,J.P., 1993. Transportation of the African elephant (Loxodanta africana). In: The capture and care manual : capture, care, accommodation and transportation of wild African animals. Pretoria : Wildlife Decision Support Services : South African Veterinary  Foundation, Pretoria pp. 493-498 Web/URL: http://wildlifedecisionsupport.com/captureandcare  

Raath,J.P., 1993. Chemical capture of the African elephant. In: The capture and care manual : capture, care, accommodation and transportation of wild African animals. Pretoria : Wildlife Decision Support Services : South African Veterinary  Foundation, Pretoria pp. 484-511
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Raath,J.P., 1999. Relocation of African elephants. In: Fowler,M.E. and Miller,R.E. (Editors), Zoo and Wild Animal Medicine: Current Therapy 4. W.B. Saunders, Philadelphia, PA, USA pp. 525-533

Raju,R., Rao,B.S.G., Khadri,S.M., and Asha,D. 1997. Chemical manipulation of delayed parturition in captive Asiatic elephant at Mysore Zoo. Indian Forester 123:(10):910-916  

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