How elephant calves become orphans 

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There are many reasons that elephant calves become orphans. Accidents or natural disasters such as flooding may result in the death of the mother. Weak calves may become separated from the herd or may be abandoned. Calves may fall into wells, ditches, or canals, or become entangled in a snare. (Read more in Chapter 1).

Elephant calf mortality 

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What is reported in literature (needs editing)

Why this manual is needed 

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Hand-raising orphan elephants is challenging, especially if they have been injured. Even facilities with experience are not always successful. To date there is no comprehensive resource to provide practical and science-based information on how to care for orphan elephant calves.

We have created a practical guide for veterinarians, veterinary technicians, mahouts, caregivers, and anyone else involved with elephant hand-rearing. Because we hope to reach a broad audience, we have tried to use clear and succinct language and have defined medical terms that may not be familiar to all. 

We welcome feedback and will update this Guidebook as new information becomes available.